period, the identity of the author is disclosed or leaves no doubt, in which case the provisions
of Article 22 or Article 23 shall apply.
Article 25: Term of Protection for Collective and Audiovisual Works
The economic rights in a collective work or in an audiovisual work shall be protected until the
expiry of a period of fifty (50) years after such a work has been lawfully made accessible to
the public or, failing such an event occurring during the period of fifty (50) years as from the
making of the work, fifty (50) years as from its making.
Article 26: Term of Protection for Works of Applied Art
The economic rights in a work of applied art shall be protected until the expiry of a period of
twenty-five (25) years as from the making of such work.
Article 27: Calculation of Terms
In this Chapter, each time limit shall expire at the end of the calendar year during which it
would normally lapse.
Chapter VI: Ownership of Rights
Article 28: General
The author of a work shall be the first owner of the moral and economic rights in his work.
Article 29: Ownership of Rights in Works of Joint Authorship
The joint authors of a work of joint authorship shall be the first joint owners of the moral and
economic rights in that work. However, if a work of joint authorship may be divided into
independent parts (that is to say if the parts of such work may be reproduced, performed or
otherwise used separately), the joint authors shall enjoy independent rights in those parts,
whilst remaining joint owners of the rights in the work of joint authorship considered as a
whole.
Article 30: Ownership of Rights in Collective Works
The first owner of the moral and economic rights in a collective work shall be the natural or
legal person on whose initiative and under whose responsibility the work has been created
and who publishes it in his name.
Article 31: Ownership of Rights in Works Created Under a Work Contract
Where a work is created by an author on behalf of a natural or legal person (hereinafter the
employer) within the framework of a work contract and his employment, unless otherwise
agreed in the contract, the first owner of the economic and moral rights shall be the author,
but the economic rights in the work shall be deemed to have been transferred to the
employer to the extent justified by the habitual activities of the employer at the time of the
creation of the work.
Article 32: Ownership of Rights in Audiovisual Works
(1) In the case of an audiovisual work, the first owners of the moral and economic rights shall
be the joint authors of the work (such as the director, the scriptwriter and the composer of the
music). The authors of preexisting works adapted or used for audiovisual works shall be
deemed to have been assimilated to such joint authors.
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