shall only commence on January 1 of the year
following that in which the death or other events
referred to in these Articles occurred.
origin shall be deemed to be that in which those works
were built or incorporated into a building.
Article 30
Article 36
Copyright in a work of joint authorship shall last for
the lifetime of its authors and shall continue for 50
years after the death of the last surviving coauthor.
1. If the different parts or volumes of a certain
work were published separately and at
different times, the periods of legal protection
referred to in Articles 31 and 34 shall, under
the terms of the previous article, run separately
for each of the parts or volumes of the work.
2. The same principle shall apply to issues or
installments of collective works published on a
regular basis, such as newspapers or
magazines.
Article 31
1. The duration of copyright with regard to the
economic use of a collective work, as a whole,
shall be 50 years following the first
publication or disclosure of the work, an
exception being made for the provisions of
Article 36 concerning regularlypublished
works such as newspapers and magazines.
2. If, however, the collective work belongs to an
individual operator, copyright shall last for the
lifetime of the author and for another 50 years
following his death. In the case of transfer by
acts inter vivos or disposal in executive
proceedings, the period of 50 years shall be
counted from the events of transfer or disposal.
Article 37
1. A work is said to fall into the public domain,
when, for any reason, the exclusive rights
guaranteed by law, in general, to the author of
the intellectual work, or his successors, expire.
2. Works with regard to which, at the time of
entry into force of this Law, the copyright
holder benefited from the perpetuity
established in Decree No. 13 725, of June 3,
1927, shall not fall into the public domain
owing to the expiry of the periods established
in Articles 25 et seq. of this Law until 25 years
have passed, starting from the publication of
this Code.
Article 32
With regard to respective individual contributions of
coauthors, the duration of copyright attributed
individually to each coauthor in works of joint
authorship or in collective works shall be that
contained in the provisions of Article 25.
Article 33
SECTION V
The duration of protection of posthumous works, to the
benefit of the heirs or other successors of the author,
shall cease 50 years after the death of the author.
Transfer of Copyright and Authorization for the
Use of the Work
Article 38
Article 34
The total or partial transfer of copyright may be carried
out by the author himself or by the successors, to all or
certain of his rights, either personally or through the
medium of a duly authorized representative.
The duration of protection of anonymous, cryptic or
pseudonymous works shall be 50 years following
disclosure or publication; however, if the pseudonym
or the initials of the author’s name leave no doubt as to
his identity, or if the author reveals his identity within
the period of 50 years previously referred to, the
duration of protection shall be that granted to works
disclosed or published under the author’s name.
Article 39
Total transfer covers all the rights included in
copyright, excepting those of a purely personal nature,
such as the right to modify the work, in whole or in
part, and any other rights expressly excluded by law.
Partial transfer is restricted to the forms of use
designated in the instrument, whether this designation
Article 35
The periods of protection beyond the death of the
author and those provided for in Articles 31, 33 and 34
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