(1) .........................................................................................;
(2) .........................................................................................;
(3) has been the subject of an opposition under Article 148.2 below and recognized as
justified.
The refusal of any application to record a mark ......................... in the national register of
trademarks referred to in the first paragraph of Article 157 below.”
“Article 154 – The following are prohibited, except where authorized by the owner:
(a) The reproduction, use or affixing of a trademark, ............... the use of a reproduced
mark or a sign identical to this mark, for goods or services identical to those covered
by the registration;
(b) ...........................................................................................................................”
(What follows remains unaltered)
“Article 155 – The following ....................... in the mind of the public:
(a) the reproduction, use or affixing of a trademark, as well as the use of a reproduced
mark or a sign identical to this mark, for goods or services similar or relating to those
covered by the registration;
(b) ...........................................................................................................................”
(What follows remains unaltered)
“Article 157 – With the exception of license contracts for trademark exploitation, all acts
transmitting, altering or affecting .......... by the agency responsible for industrial property.
However, the acts provided for in the first paragraph above shall be binding before such entry
on third parties who acquire rights after the date of the act with notice of the act at the time
of acquisition.
Acts amending the ownership of a registered mark or the enjoyment of the rights stemming
therefrom, such as assignment, the establishment or assignment of a pledge or the surrender
thereof, ...........”
(What follows remains unaltered)
Title IV: Trade name, geographical indications, appellations
of origin and unfair competition
Chapter II: Geographical indications and appellations of origin and opposition
“Article 180 ‐ Geographical indication shall be understood as any indication identifying a
product as originating in a territory, region or area in this territory, when its quality, reputation
or other specific characteristic is, fundamentally, attributable to its geographical origin.