available to the public took place with the consent of the author or other owner of copyright, and in
the case of a sound recording, with the consent of the producer of the sound recording or his
successor in title.
31. (1) Copyright conferred by sections 23 and 24 shall vest initially in the author :
Provided that where a work
(a) is commissioned by a person who is not the author's' employer under a contract of service; or
(b) not having been so commissioned, is made in the course of the author's employment under a contract
of service,
the copyright shall be deemed to be transferred to the person who commissioned the work or the
author's employer, subject to any agreement between the parties excluding or limiting the transfer.
(2) Copyright conferred by section 25 shall vest initially in the Government or such
international bodies or other governmental organizations as may be prescribed, and not in the author.
(3) In this section "owner of copyright"
(a) where the economic rights are vested in the author, means the author;
(b) where the economic rights are originally vested in a physical person other than the author or in a
legal entity, means that person or entity; and
(c) where the ownership of the economic rights has been transferred to a physical person or legal
entity, means that person or entity;
32.(1) Independently of the author's economic rights and even after the transfer of the said
rights, the author shall have the right to
(a) claim the authorship of the work; and
(b) object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of or other derogatory action in relation
to, the said work which would be prejudicial to his honour or reputation.
(2) None of the rights mentioned in subsection (1) shall be transmissible during the life of the
author but the right to exercise any of the said rights shall be transmissible by testamentary
disposition or by operation of the law following the demise of the author.
(3) The author has the right to seek relief in connection with any distortion, mutilation or
other modification of, and any other derogatory action in relation to his work, where such work
would be or is prejudicial to his honour or reputation.
33.(1) Subject to this section, copyright shall be transmissible by assignment, by licence,
testamentary.disposition, or by operation of law as movable property.