OFFICIAL GAZETTE OF THE TOGOLESE REPUBLIC
August 2, 1991
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Art. 29 –The author of the work shall, unless otherwise proven, be the person in whose name the
work was disclosed.
Art 30 The work shall be deemed created, regardless of any disclosure, by virtue of the mere
fact that the author’s concept has been put into practice, if only incompletely.
Art. 31 The copyright in a collaborative work shall belong to the coauthors who shall exercise
their rights by joint agreement. In the event of disagreement, it shall fall to the competent court
to issue a ruling.
If the involvement of each of the coauthors relates to different genres, each one may, unless
there is an agreement to the contrary, separately exploit his personal contribution, yet without
causing harm to the exploitation of the joint work.
Art. 32 Copyright in a collective work shall belong to the natural person who, or legal entity
that, took the initiative behind it and in whose name the work is disclosed.
Art. 33 The authors of pseudonymous or anonymous works shall enjoy in those works the rights
provided for in this Law.
In exercising these rights they shall be represented by the original editor or publisher, until such
time as they reveal their identity and have proven their authorship.
The declaration provided for in the preceding paragraph may be made by testamentary means,
provided any rights previously acquired by third parties are reserved. The above provisions shall
not be applicable where the pseudonym adopted by the author leaves no doubt as to his real
identity.