those parts, whilst remaining joint owners of the rights in the work of joint authorship
considered as a whole.
Article 30
Ownership of Rights in Collective Works
The first owner of the moral and economic rights in a collective work shall be the
natural or legal person on whose initiative and under whose responsibility the work has been
created and who has published it under his name.
Article 31
Ownership of Rights in Works
Created Under a Work Contract
or on Commission
Where a work is created on behalf of a natural or legal person, private or public, under a
work contract of the author or where the work is commissioned from the author by such
person, the first owner of the economic and moral rights shall be the author, but the economic
rights in the work shall be deemed to have been transferred to the employer to the extent
justified by the habitual activities of the employer or of such natural or legal person at the
time of the creation of the work.
Article 32
Ownership of Rights in Audiovisual Works
(1) In the case of an audiovisual work, the first owners of the moral and economic
rights shall be the joint authors of the work, such as the director, the scriptwriter, the
composer of the music. The authors of preexisting works adapted or used for audiovisual
works shall be deemed to have been assimilated to such joint authors.
(2) Except as otherwise provided, the contract concluded between the producer of an
audiovisual work and the joint authors of such work, other than the authors of musical works
included therein, shall imply assignment to the producer of the economic rights of the joint
authors in their contributions. However, the joint authors shall maintain, unless otherwise
agreed in the contract, their economic rights in other uses of their contributions to the extent
that the latter may be used separately from the audiovisual work.
Article 33
Presumption of Ownership: Authors
(1) In order that the author of a work be deemed such, in the absence of proof to the
contrary, and consequently be entitled to institute proceedings, it shall suffice for his name to
appear on the work in the usual manner.
(2) In the case of an anonymous work or of a pseudonymous work, except where the
pseudonym leaves no doubt as to the identity of the author, the publisher whose name appears
on the work shall be deemed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, to represent the author
and, in that capacity, to be entitled to protect and ensure compliance with the rights of the
author. This paragraph shall cease to apply when the author reveals his identity and proves
his authorship.