(iii) use solely for the purposes of teaching or scientific research;
(iv) quotation, in the form of short fragments, from a performance, a phonogram or a
broadcast program on condition that such quotations comply with fair use and are justified by
their informatory aim;
(v) all other uses that constitute exceptions with respect to works protected by
copyright under this Annex.
Article 53
Free Use of Performances
Once performers have authorized the incorporation of their performances in fixations of
images or images and sounds, the provisions of Article 48 shall cease to apply.
Article 54
Free Use by Broadcasting Organizations
The authorizations required under Articles 48 to 51 for making fixations of
performances and of broadcast programs and for reproducing such fixations and reproducing
phonograms published for commercial purposes shall not be required where the fixation or the
reproduction has been made by a broadcasting organization using its own facilities and for its
own programs, on condition that
(i) for each broadcast of a fixation of a performance or of its reproductions, made under
this Article, the broadcasting organization is entitled to broadcast the performance concerned;
(ii) for each broadcast of a fixation of a program, or of a reproduction of such fixation,
made under this Article, the broadcasting organization is entitled to broadcast the program;
(iii) for any fixation made under this Article or reproductions thereof, the fixation and
its reproductions are destroyed within a period having the same duration as that applying to
fixations and reproductions of works protected by copyright under Article 19 of this Annex,
with the exception of a single copy which may be kept for the exclusive purpose of archive
conservation.
Chapter V
Term of Protection
Article 55
Term of Protection for Performances
The term of protection afforded to performances under this part of the Annex shall be
fifty years as from
(i) the end of the year of fixation for performances fixed on a phonogram;
(ii) the end of the year in which the performance took place for performances not fixed
on phonograms.
Article 56
Term of Protection for Phonograms
The term of protection afforded to phonograms under this part of the Annex shall be
fifty years as from the end of the year of fixation.