Article 7
Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 4 and 5, copyright protection shall not apply to:
(a) acts, legal decisions and decisions of administrative bodies and the official translations of such
texts, or daily news published, broadcast or communicated in public;
(b) ideas, procedures, systems, methods of operation, concepts, principles, discoveries or mere data,
even if expressed, described, explained, illustrated or embodied in a work.
TITLE II: OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT
Chapter I: AUTHOR AND OWNER OF COPYRIGHT
Article 8
Subject to the provisions of this Act, the author or authors that created a work shall be the original
owner(s) of the copyright.
Article 9
A work shall be deemed to be created, irrespective of its disclosure, by the sole fact of the design of
its creation by its author, even if it is not fully completed.
Article 10
In the absence of proof to the contrary, the person whose name or pseudonym, where it leaves no
doubt as to the identity of the author, is mentioned on the work in the usual manner shall be
presumed to be the author of the work.
In the case of a work created by an author for a natural person or legal entity under an employment
contract and during his employment, or in the case of a work commissioned from the author by a
natural person or legal entity, the first holder of the moral and economic rights shall be the author,
unless otherwise provided by the contract, but the economic rights in such a work shall be deemed
assigned to the employer or his representative to the extent necessary for the customary activities
of the employer at the time of the creation of the work.
Article 11
A press company shall acquire the right to publish, in the newspaper, magazine or periodical for
which the author or authors work, the articles, drawings, photographs and other productions
provided by the employees under a contract of employment, while the authors shall retain the other
rights protected under this Act.
Article 12
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