constituteproject.org
• Reference to science
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The state commits to making the best use of renewable energy resources, motivating
investment, and encouraging relevant scientific research. The state works on
encouraging the manufacture of raw materials, and increasing their added value
according to economic feasibility.
Disposing of the state’s public property is forbidden. Granting the right to exploit
natural resources or a concession to a public utility shall take place by law for a
period not exceeding 30 years.
Granting the right to exploit quarries and small mines and salterns, or granting a
concession to a public utility shall take place for a period not exceeding 30 years
based on a law.
The law sets the provisions for disposing of state private property, and the rules and
procedures regulating such.
• Right to own property
Article 33: Ownership
The state protects ownership, which is three types: Public ownership, private
ownership, and cooperative ownership.
Article 34: Public Property
Public property is inviolable and may not be infringed upon. It is the duty of every
citizen to protect it in accordance with the law.
• Protection from expropriation
• Right to own property
• Right to transfer property
Article 35: Private property
Private property is protected. The right to inherit property is guaranteed. Private
property may not be sequestrated except in cases specified by law, and by a court
order. Ownership of property may not be confiscated except for the public good and
with just compensation that is paid in advance as per the law.
Article 36: Private sector’s social responsibility
The state encourages the private sector to perform its social responsibility in serving
the national economy and society.
Article 37: Cooperative Property
Cooperative property is protected. The state cares for cooperatives, and the law
guarantees its protection and support, and ensures its independence.
It cannot be dissolved, nor its boards, except by court order.
Article 38: Taxation
The taxation system and other public levies aim to develop state resources, and
achieve social justice and economic development.
Public taxes cannot be established, modified, or cancelled except by law. There can
be no exemptions except in cases prescribed by law. It is prohibited to require
anyone to pay additional taxes or fees except within the limits of the law.
When imposing taxes, it must be taken into account that the tax system has multiple
sources. The taxes imposed on the incomes of individuals are progressive multi-tier
taxes that according to their tax capacity. The tax system ensures the promotion of
heavy labor industries, and incentivizing their role in economic, social, and cultural
Egypt 2014
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