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• Right to health care
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Article 18: Health care
Every citizen is entitled to health and to comprehensive health care with quality
criteria. The state guarantees to maintain and support public health facilities that
provide health services to the people, and work on enhancing their efficiency and
their fair geographical distribution.
The state commits to allocate a percentage of government expenditure that is no
less than 3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to health. The percentage will
gradually increase to reach global rates.
The state commits to the establishment of a comprehensive health care system for
all Egyptians covering all diseases. The contribution of citizens to its subscriptions or
their exemption therefrom is based on their income rates.
Denying any form of medical treatment to any human in emergency or
life-threatening situations is a crime.
The state commits to improving the conditions of physicians, nursing staff, and
health sector workers, and achieving equity for them.
All health facilities and health related products, materials, and health-related means
of advertisement are subject to state oversight. The state encourages the
participation of the private and public sectors in providing health care services as per
the law.
Article 19: Education
• Reference to science
Every citizen has the right to education with the aim of building the Egyptian
character, maintaining national identity, planting the roots of scientific thinking,
developing talents, promoting innovation and establishing civilizational and spiritual
values and the concepts of citizenship, tolerance and non- discrimination. The state
commits to uphold its aims in education curricula and methods, and to provide
education in accordance with global quality criteria.
• Compulsory education
• Free education
Education is obligatory until the end of the secondary stage or its equivalent. The
state grants free education in different stages in state educational institutions as per
the law.
The state commits to allocating a percentage of government spending that is no less
than 4% of the GDP for education. It will gradually increase this until it reaches
global rates.
The state oversees education to ensure that all public and private schools and
institutes abide by its educational policies.
Article 20: Technical education, professional training
The state commits to encourage and develop technical education and professional
training and expand all types thereof in accordance with global quality criteria, in
keeping with the needs of the labor market.
Article 21: Academic independence
• Right to academic freedom
• Free education
• Reference to science
The state guarantees the independence of universities, scientific and linguistic
academies. It commits to providing university education in accordance with global
quality criteria, and to developing free university education in state universities and
institutes as per the law.
The state allocates a percentage of the government expenditure that is no less than
2% of Gross National Product (GNP). It will gradually increase until it reaches global
Egypt 2014
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