 Putting in place policy incentives to encourage brain gain.  Developing programs that can promote innovation and IP culture.  Developing programs to promote the uptake of scientific and technological solutions by potential users, such us enterprises, government organisations, research institutions, and society. POLICY OBJECTIVE II: Promotion of innovation and creativity including minor and incremental innovations by nationals The focus here will be to facilitate the acquisition and exploitation of IPRs over minor and incremental innovations so as to encourage the widest participation in innovative and creative activity including in the informal sector. The participation in the innovative enterprise and creative industries by the largest number of Rwandans possible is the only sure way to boost innovation and creativity economy-wide. With a low startingbase, the country cannot afford to pick and choose winners based on high-end technological standards when solutions for many of the problems in Rwandan society may require adaptations of existing technology or solutions developed by cultural industries. As a corollary, the costs of obtaining and enforcing rights over these minor and incremental innovations must be such that it is affordable and practical. POLICY OBJECTIVE III: Increasing access to foreign and local technology by local firms and research institutions The main aim, under this objective, is to:  Promote the utilisation of the patent information system which will provide access to new technological information and encourage adaptation of foreign technologies to local needs.  Develop mechanisms to promote technology transfer from foreign firms and institutions. Technology transfer is critical in Rwanda’s efforts to climb the knowledge and technology ladder.  Put in place mechanisms to promote technology transfer from local research institutions to industry, such as research-industry collaboration. POLICY OBJECTIVE IV: Facilitating access to IP-based essential goods and services especially in the health and food sectors The principal aim is to ensure that essential IP embedded goods and services, especially with respect to health and food products, as well as agricultural inputs, are available and accessible at an affordable cost to the population. Ultimately, science and technology matters only if it can be applied to better the lives of the population by helping improve health, education, agriculture, water quality, sanitation etc. Consequently, the use of flexibilities to ensure availability and access to IP-based products and services to the largest number of people in the population determines whether the IP Policy is an instrument for poverty reduction. This will entail:  Awareness creation among the policy-makers, the consumers and relevant government organs and institutions on exceptions in IP laws and the TRIPS flexibilities.  Promoting a better understanding of the IP system by the consumers and show advantages of the protection and promotion of national products and services in competition with foreign products and services. POLICY OBJECTIVE V: Facilitating investments in innovative and creative activities and profit The main aim here is to promote an understanding of IPRs and access to administrative or judicial services to enforce IPRs in a manner that balances the needs of access and competition and profit. The focus should be on 9