disclaimer and that it is not bound by that of the Registrar or, in this instance, of the court a q u o (Distillers
Corporation (SA) Ltd v Stellenbosch Farmers' Winery Ltd 1979 (1) SA 532 (T) 539BC quoted with approval in Estee
Lauder Cosmetics Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks 1993 (3) SA 43 (T) 45FG); cf. Media Workers Association of SA v Press
Corporation of SA Ltd 1992 (4) SA 791 (A) 800CJ).
[13] As was pointed out by the hearing officer in Philip Morris Inc's Trade Mark Application [1980] RPC 527 at 532
533, a disclaimer is, theoretically, never necessary since registration of a trade mark cannot give rise to any rights
except those arising from the mark as a whole. It has nonetheless a function. Primarily, it is to prevent the
registration of
View Parallel Citation
composite mark from operating so as to inhibit the use of the disclaimed element by others. Beacon, relying upon
the fact that the name Liquorice Allsorts is the dominant part of the trade mark, is asserting trade mark rights in
Liquorice Allsorts per se against others based upon this registration. It also has a pending application for the
registration of Liquorice Allsorts simpliciter. This is therefore a textbook case for a disclaimer (cf. Estee Lauder
Cosmetics at 46DJ). Statutory monopolies are the exception, not the rule and they need to be justified (Wagamama
Ltd v City Centre Restaurants Plc and another [1995] FSR 713 (Ch D) 728729).
[14] The court below (at 77BD) accepted Beacon's argument that Cadbury was sufficiently protected by the
provisions of section 34(2)(c) of the Act which provide inter alia that a registered trade mark is not infringed by the
use of any bona fide description or indication of the kind of the goods concerned. Cadbury, if its allegations are to
be accepted, is thus without a disclaimer possessed of a perfect defence. I find the attitude unrealistic because I
cannot see why Cadbury should be put to the trouble and expense of first manufacturing and selling and then be
subjected to the risk of infringement litigation where the legislature has given it a simple remedy akin to a
declaration of rights to obtain certainty. I do realise that due to the proviso to section 15, Beacon may nevertheless
attempt to assert rights to Liquorice Allsorts by means of a commonlaw action based upon passingoff (cf. Antec
International Ltd v South Western Chicks (Warren) Ltd [1997] FSR 278), but that is not a sufficient reason to refuse
the relief sought since the nature of the protection provided by that action differs from trade mark protection.
Page 8 of [2000] 2 All SA 1 (A)
[15] In the result the appeal has to succeed and the following order is made:
(1)
The appeal is upheld with costs, including the costs of two counsel;
(2)
for the order of the court below is substituted an order
(1)
Rectifying the registration of trade mark 86/3570 by the insertion of the following additional disclaimer:
"The registration of this mark shall also give no right to the exclusive use of the name Liquorice Allsorts,
separately and apart from the mark";
(2)
That the first respondent pay the costs of the application, including the costs of two counsel.
(Vivier, Marais, Streicher JJA and Farlam AJA concurred in the judgment of Harms JA.)
For the appellant:
CE Puckrin SC and JN Cullabine instructed by DM Kisch Incorporated, Pretoria
For the respondents:
L Bowman SC and B Du Plessis instructed by Honey & Partners, Bloemfontein
Footnotes
1
2
The full text of section 15 is the following:
"If a trade mark contains matter which is not capable of distinguishing within the meaning of section 9, the registrar or
the court, in deciding whether the trade mark shall be entered in or shall remain on the register, may require, as a
condition of its being entered in or remaining on the register
(a) that the proprietor shall disclaim any right to the exclusive use of all or any portion of any such matter to the
exclusive use of which the registrar or the court holds him not to be entitled; or
(b) that the proprietor shall make such other disclaimer or memorandum as the registrar or the court may consider
necessary for the purpose of defining his rights under the registration:
Provided that no disclaimer or memorandum on the register shall affect any rights of the proprietor of a trade mark
except such as arise out of the registration of the trade mark in respect of which the disclaimer is made."
It reads:
"Provided that a mark shall not be refused registration by virtue of the provisions of paragraph (2) or, if registered,
shall not be liable to be removed from the register by virtue of the said provisions if at the date of the application for
registration or at the date of an application for removal from the register, as the case may be, it has in fact become
capable of distinguishing within the meaning of section 9 as a result of use made of the mark."