constituteproject.org
• International law
• Legal status of treaties
PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:21
Article 93: International agreements and conventions
The state is committed to the agreements, covenants, and international conventions
of human rights that were ratified by Egypt. They have the force of law after
publication in accordance with the specified circumstances.
Chapter Four: Rule of Law
Article 94: Rule of law
The rule of law is the basis of governance in the state.
• Judicial independence
• Protection from ex post facto laws
• Principle of no punishment without law
The state is subject to the law, while the independence, immunity and impartiality of
the judiciary are essential guarantees for the protection of rights and freedoms.
Article 95: Punishment
Penalties are personal. Crimes and penalties may only be based on the law, and
penalties may only be inflicted by a judicial ruling. Penalties may only be inflicted for
acts committed subsequent to the date on which the law enters into effect.
Article 96: Due process
• Right to counsel
• Right to fair trial
• Presumption of innocence in trials
The accused is innocent until proven guilty in a fair court of law, which provides
guarantees for him to defend himself.
• Right to appeal judicial decisions
The law shall regulate the appeal of felony sentences.
• Protection of victim's rights
The state shall provide protection to the victims, witnesses, accused and informants
as necessary and in accordance with the law.
• Ultra-vires administrative actions
Article 97: Right to litigate
Litigation is a safeguarded right guaranteed to all. The state shall bring together the
litigating parties, and work towards speedy judgment in cases. It is forbidden to grant
any act or administrative decision immunity from judicial oversight. Individuals may
only be tried before their natural judge. Extraordinary courts are forbidden.
• Right to counsel
Article 98: Right to defense
The right of defense either in person or by proxy is guaranteed. The independence of
lawyers and the protection of their rights are ensured as a guarantee for the right of
defense.
For those who are financially incapable, the law guarantees the means to resort to
justice and defend their rights.
• Ultra-vires administrative actions
• Protection of victim's rights
Article 99: Violation of personal freedom
Any assault on the personal freedoms or sanctity of the life of citizens, along with
other general rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and the law, is a
crime with no statute of limitations for both civil and criminal proceedings. The
injured party may file a criminal suit directly.
Egypt 2014
Page 29