Whether the background consisting of a topheavy T was intended to form part of the mark is a question
raised by the respondent, but the application has to be taken at face value and the appellant's unexpressed
intention is of no consequence. The application contains a number of admissions or disclaimers but these have
no bearing on the enquiry under section 17(1).
[10] Section 17(1) creates an absolute bar to registration provided the jurisdictional fact is present, namely that the
use of both marks in relation to goods or services in respect of which they are sought to be registered, and
registered, would be likely to deceive or cause confusion. The decision involves a value judgment and
"[t]he ultimate test is, after all, as I have already indicated, whether on a comparison of the two marks it can
properly be said that there is a reasonable likelihood of confusion if both are to be used together in a normal
and fair manner, in the ordinary course of business."
(SmithKline Beecham Consumer Brands (Pty) Ltd (formerly known as Beecham South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Unilever plc
1995 (2) SA 903 (A) at 912H.)
''Likelihood'' refers to a reasonable probability (ibid at 910B) although the adjective ''reasonable'' is perhaps
surplusage. In considering whether the use of the respondent's mark would be likely to deceive or
View Parallel Citation
cause confusion, regard must be had to the essential function of a trade mark, namely to indicate the origin of
the goods in connection with which it is used (The Upjohn Company v Merck 1987 (3) SA 221 (T) at 227EF;
Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v MetroGoldwynMayer Inc (formerly Pathé Communications Corporation) [1999] RPC 117
(ECJ) paragraph 28). Registered trade marks do not create monopolies in relation to concepts or ideas. More
recently this Court in
Page 247 of [2001] 4 All SA 242 (A)
Bata Ltd v Face Fashions CC and another 2001 (1) SA 844 (A) at 850 paragraph 9 pointed out that the approach
adopted in Sabel BV v Puma AG, Rudolf Dassler Sport [1998] RPC 199 (ECJ) at 224 accords with our case law.
There it was said that the likelihood of confusion must "be appreciated globally" (cf Organon Laboratories Ltd v
Roche Products (Pty) Ltd 1976 (1) SA 195 (T) at 202F203A) and that the
"global appreciation of the visual, aural or conceptual similarity of the marks in question, must be based on the
overall impression given by the marks, bearing in mind, in particular, their distinctive and dominant
components."
(Cf SmithKline at 910BH and Canon (supra) at paragraph 1617.)
[11] As far as the visual similarity is concerned, both the Deputy Registrar and the court a quo held that the mark of
the appellant on the one hand and those of the respondent on the other are visually so different that
confusion or deception is improbable. Bovine devices are to be expected on dairy products and provide a
common feature as the admissions or disclaimers testify. The three cows are represented in substantially
different ways. It is not necessary to elaborate since the respondent did not attack these findings.
[12] The aural aspect was not dealt with by the court a quo in so many words as a separate inquiry. What has to
be compared is then Dairybelle and to a lesser extent Jerseybel on the one hand with Cowbell on the other.
Since the suffix ''le'' in Dairybelle is muted it may be of no audible consequence to the consumer who is
unaware that the word as pronounced can refer to a dairy maid. The words ''dairy'' and ''cow'' bear no auditory
relationship to one another. Neither do ''jersey'' and ''cow''. The emphasis in both the respondent's marks is on
the first part which form the dominant parts of the words. ''Dairy'' and ''jersey'' are twosyllable words whereas
''cow'' consists of one syllable. Dairybelle and Jerseybel represent unusual combinations of words and are in a
sense invented words whereas Cowbell is an ordinary word bearing an ordinary connotation. Since the
respondent did not submit that confusion or deception is likely in this context, it is unnecessary to belabour my
conclusion that there is no such likelihood.
[13] Regarding conceptual similarity, the court a quo found that a person having heard the one mark advertised on
the radio, when confronted with the other in a supermarket, will not be astute enough to discern that they are
not the same or are not cows from the same herd. The concept created is that of a dairy full of cows with bells
used in connection with dairy products. It reasoned that to the listener, who does not have the benefit of
visual comparison, the concepts are too close for
View Parallel Citation
comfort. In conclusion it held that this reasoning applied a fortiori in the case of Jerseybel and Cowbell.
Respondent adopted this line of reasoning, emphasising that
"[t]he marks must be considered as wholes; one must look for the main idea, or the general impression, conveyed
to the mind by each of the marks and at the essential features, rather than the exact details, of each."
(Adidas Sportschuhfabriken Adi Dassler KG v Harry Walt & Co (Pty) Ltd 1976 (1) SA 530 (T) at 536BC.)
[14] Albeit in the context of the interpretation of a European Community Council Directive, the European Court of
Justice in Sabel (at 223224) made some observations that are pertinent to the present issue: