at the latest when the first respondent's attorneys advised Francesco Zanasi in writing of that fact. The applicant
was therefore aware of the existence of the trade mark when it instituted the first application on 30 May 1997 and
when it opened Nino Camps Bay on 6 August 1997. The first respondent brought the second application to restrain
the applicant from infringing the trade mark by using the name Nino in relation to the Camps Bay restaurant.
[54] The Act does not expressly provide that a registered proprietor of a trade mark is entitled to the exclusive use
of the mark. Section 34 of the Act however sets out the circumstances in which the rights acquired by registration of
a trade mark may be infringed. In so doing it impliedly confers upon the proprietor the exclusive right to use the
mark in relation to the goods or services in respect of which it is registered (Shalom Investments (Pty) Ltd and others
v Dan River Mills Inc 1971 (1) SA 689 ( A ) 7 0 6 D ; John Craig (Pty) Ltd v Dupa Clothing Industries (Pty) Ltd
1977 (3) SA 144 (T) at 150B). The trade mark in the present case confers upon the first respondent the exclusive
right to use the mark throughout the whole of South Africa in relation to, inter alia, restaurant and café services.
[55] Section 34(1)(a) of the Act provides that the rights acquired by registration of a trade mark shall be infringed
by
"the unauthorised use in the course of trade in relation to goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered,
of an identical mark or of a mark so nearly resembling it as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion."
It is not in issue that the use of the name Nino by the applicant in the course of its trade in relation to Nino Camps
Bay is unauthorised. It is also common cause that the name Nino so nearly resembles the first respondent's mark
as to be likely to cause confusion. (In this regard see PlasconEvans Paints Ltd v Van Riebeeck Paints (Pty) Ltd
1984 (3) SA 623 (A) at 640G641E; PPI Makelaars and another v Professional Provident Society of South Africa1
1998 (1) SA 595 (SCA) at 602G603F). The first respondent has therefore established prima facie an infringement by
the applicant in terms of section 34(1)(a) of the Act.
[56] The applicant seeks to rely on certain defences against an infringement provided for in the Act. Mr Tredoux
called in aid the provisions of section 34(2)(a) and section 36(1) of the Act.
The section 34(2)(a) defence
[57] Section 34(2)(a) provides that a registered trade mark is not infringed by
"any bona fide use by a person of his own name, the name of his place of business,
View Parallel Citation
the name of any of his predecessors in business, or the name of any such predecessor's place of business."
This is subject to two provisos. Firstly this section does not apply to the name of any juristic person whose name
was registered after the date of registration of
Page 546 of [1998] 3 All SA 527 (C)
the trade mark. This proviso does not apply in the present case as the applicant was registered before the date of
registration of the trade mark. The second proviso is that such use must be "consistent with��fair practice". In order
to succeed with this defence it must therefore be established firstly that the applicant is using its own name, the
name of its place of business, the name of a predecessor or the predecessor's place of business, secondly that such
use is bona fide and thirdly that it is consistent with fair practice.
[58] The applicant contends that it is using its own name. Section 34(2)(a) seeks to protect, in the circumstances
there set out, the use by a person of his own name. This section would extend to the use by a company or close
corporation of its registered name. What is generally required however is the use of the full name. It has been held
for example that the use of a surname does not suffice (Benz et Cie (1913) 30 RPC 177 at 181; Webster & Page op
cit 1268 para 12.37.3; Kerley op cit 307 para 1534). In the present case the applicant is not using its full name. It
is using part of its name because it is the name by which Giorgio Zanasi is known and the name associated with
previous restaurants with which the Zanasi family has been involved. The applicant is therefore not using its own
name as contemplated by section 34(2)(a) and the first requirement is not met.
[59] I am also satisfied that the applicant's use of the name Nino is, in the circumstances of this case, not bona fide
within the meaning contemplated by the section. Bona fide use in section 34(2)(a) means
". the honest use by the person of his own name without any intention to make use of the goodwill which has been acquired
by another trader" (Baume & Co Ltd v AH Moore Ltd [1957] RPC 459 at 463 confirmed on appeal [1958] RPC 226 (CA) at
235).
This approach was approved by the House of Lords in ParkerKnoll Ltd v Knoll International Ltd [1962] RPC 265 (HL)
at 275 where Lord Denning stated
"And bona fide means what it says. It means honestly in good faith so that the section means that it is no infringement for
any person honestly to use his own name, in relation to his goods, so long as he has no intention to deceive anybody and no
intention to make use of the goodwill which has been acquired by another trader."
(See further: J Goddard & Sons v RS Goddard & J Mentz & Co 1924 TPD 290 at 322323; Webster & Page op cit 1267
para 12.37.2; Kerley op cit 306 para 1533.)
[60] The applicant's decisions to open in Camps Bay in August 1997 under the name of Nino must be considered in
the light of the following. The applicant knew that Korkorris had purchased the name Nino's Coffee and Sandwich
Bar and that the right to use the name vested in the first respondent. It was aware that the first respondent was
the proprietor of the trade mark, which included the name Nino.