(According to the "Memorandum on the Objects of the Draft Trade Marks Bill" an object of our current Act, was
to harmonise our law with
Page 159 of [2004] 4 All SA 151 (SCA)
that of the European Community, taking into account the said White Paper.)28
[19] Although reliance will be placed in the course of this judgment on foreign case law it must be understood that
it is done principally in order to illustrate or to compare. The different statutory setting of all these cases must
always be kept in mind. It is also not suggested that the outcome in those cases would necessarily have
been the same had the case been decided under our legislation and in our social context.
View Parallel Citation
Interpreting section 34(1)(c)
[20] This provision has arisen but parenthetically in our case law.29 At first blush its meaning is clear. In order to
establish infringement, the owner of the trade mark must establish:
(a)
the unauthorised use by the defendant of a mark;
(b)
in the course of trade;
(c)
in relation to any goods or services;
(d)
the mark must be identical or similar to a registered trade mark;
(e)
the trade mark must be well known in the Republic, and
(f )
the use of the defendant's mark would be likely to take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the
distinctive character or the repute of the registered trade mark.
As mentioned, the defendant's use need not be in relation to similar goods or services and the liability is not
dependent on confusion or deception.
[21] Nothing as far as interpretation is concerned turns on integers (a) to (e), but (f) on the other hand requires
some elucidation. It must, obviously, be interpreted in the light of the Constitution and its application must be
such that it does not unduly restrict a party's freedom of expression.30 This requires a weighingup of the
freedom of expression and the trademark owner's rights of property and freedom of trade, occupation or
profession.
[22] In the ordinary course of events acts proscribed by the provision will not impinge on a defendant's freedom of
expression but since there are instances where it may, some limitation should be found or implied in the
provision or in its application insofar as it may be required by a balancing of divergent rights and interests.
The express terms of section 34(1)(c) do place important limitations on its scope. First, it provides protection
to wellknown marks only.31 Second, the prohibited use must be "in the
Page 160 of [2004] 4 All SA 151 (SCA)
course of trade". This accords for instance with the position in the USA32 and the EC. And then, significantly,
the use must be in relation to goods or services.33 Integer (f) contains an important limitation namely that a
defendant may not take "unfair advantage" of the
View Parallel Citation
distinctive character or repute of the trade mark according to Mostert something akin to misappropriation or
unjust enrichment.34 This allows for a proper balancing of freedoms, rights and interests.
[23] The word "detrimental" is not qualified in express terms. However, it is inconceivable that any detriment could
suffice and it is implicit that detriment, in order to be actionable, has to be unfair in the sense that the relief
sought may not unfairly or unduly encroach on the rights of others including the freedom of expression.
There is another qualification: The law, as a general proposition, concerns itself with matters of substance
only and, accordingly, insubstantial prejudice to the trademark owner is not enough. 35 Since neither freedom
of expression nor trademark rights are absolute, it will be necessary to consider how they should be
balanced.36 Before doing that it is necessary to consider whether the appellant has otherwise infringed the
trade marks in issue.
Page 161 of [2004] 4 All SA 151 (SCA)
Infringement
[24] It is common cause that integers (a) to (e) have been established and all that remains is whether the use by
the appellant of its Black Labour White Guilt mark would be likely to take unfair advantage of, or be
detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the Black Label mark. That depends, amongst other
things, on its message, which is a matter of interpretation through the eyes not only of the typical purchaser
of such Tshirt but also through the eyes of those who are perforce exposed to the purchaser's attire.
[25] Sabmark submitted that the message conveyed is that since time immemorial SAB has exploited and still is