(b)
if the retail price of the interchangeable multisource medicine is higher than that of the prescribed
medicine; or
(c)
where the product has been declared not substitutable by the council."
Page 11 of [2012] 3 All SA 1 (SCA)
[26] An "interchangeable multisource medicine" is defined as "medicines that contain the same active substances
which are identical in strength or concentration, dosage form and route of administration and meet the same
or comparable standards, which comply with the requirements for therapeutic equivalence as prescribed".
Section 22F requires a pharmacist to inform members of the public visiting the pharmacy with a prescription for
a "branded medicine" (which, it seems to me, can be both the innovator product or a generic substitute) of
the benefits of a generic substitute for the "branded" product. He must then substitute the generic for the
prescribed medicine unless he is forbidden to do so by the patient. The pharmacist, however, may not do so if
the person prescribing the medicine has written on the prescription the words "no substitute".
[27] It was submitted that the effect of section 22F was to extend the notional consumer to people beyond the
prescribing doctor and pharmacist to include also the patient or ultimate consumer. Support for this view is
found in the Canadian judgment in CibaGeigy Canada Ltd v Apotex Inc; CibaGeigy Canada Ltd v Novopharm
Limited,14 a passingoff matter where similar legislation was considered. The question that arose in that case
was whether the customers of pharmaceutical laboratories consisted only of physicians, dentists and
pharmacists "or are the patients to whom the drugs are dispensed also included?" The court there dealt with
the provisions of the Prescription Drug Cost Regulation Act, 1986 dealing with an "interchangeable product"
which is "a drug or combination of drugs identified by a specific product name or manufacturer and
View Parallel Citation
designated as interchangeable with one or more of such products". The Act gives both the pharmacist and the
patient the choice to dispense or obtain the interchangeable drug, as the case may be, and requires of the
dispenser to inform the patient accordingly (see section 4(2) and (3)). The prescribing doctor may also indicate
that no substitutions may be made (in which event the patient would have no choice (other than to refuse the
prescribed drug) to select a substitute) (section 4(6)). The court (per Gonthier J) concluded:15
"The foundations of this right to choose and the reasons for patients' choices do not have to be discussed at length
here. Whether the choice is great or small, easily exercised or not, does not change anything in the case at bar. All
that is significant, and beyond question, so far as the reasoning is concerned is that the patient has a choice.
In my opinion, therefore, excluding patients from the customers covered by the passingoff action on the pretext that
they have no choice as to the product brand is quite wrong. The physician's opinion as to the brand of drug to be
taken may of course influence the patient and most prescriptions do in fact indicate the product brand. That
information may sometimes come from the patient. It should not be forgotten that in cases like the one before the
Court, the medical treatment generally extends over a long period. Hypertension is often treated for several years, if
not a lifetime. Patients taking a drug for some time can become accustomed to it and insist on a particular brand.
Generally when a person is satisfied with a product, he tends to remain faithful to it. This is especially true in the
health field where understandably patients are
Page 12 of [2012] 3 All SA 1 (SCA)
not very willing to experiment and perhaps still less so when they are suffering from conditions such as hypertension.
There are thus grounds which I would characterize as psychological for insisting on a particular brand of drug. There
are certainly also physiological reasons. It is entirely conceivable that excipients, the nonmedicinal part of the drug
surrounding the active ingredient, may not have the same characteristics or not produce the same ingestive, digestive
and other effects in the case of all manufacturers. The shape of the tablet may also play a part in the patient's
preferences: it may be another reason why the patient insists on a particular brand and asks his physician to put it on
the prescription.
Moreover, quality control may not be identical from one laboratory to another or the quality itself may not be
perceived as such."
Elsewhere the court said:16
"Not including [the patient] in the clientele covered by the passingoff action in my opinion divests him of part of his
rights as an individual. He is deprived of the means of protecting himself as an informed person."
[28] The Canadian legislation gives both the pharmacist and the patient a choice in relation to dispensing or
obtaining a generic drug. Section 22F, on the other hand, allows the patient on being informed of the
availability of a generic medicine as a substitute for the branded
View Parallel Citation
medicine to choose between the two. The patient is in fact required to stipulate whether he or she would
prefer a generic over a more expensive other generic or the innovator drug. The court below accepted the
evidence of Dr SA Gregory, both a medical practitioner and a qualified patent attorney, who also happens to
have been Cipla's attorney's Pretoria correspondent, that section 22F has made medical practitioners and
pharmacists even more acutely aware of the different brand names of pharmaceutical products so that the
likelihood of confusion had become even more remote. This approach disregards the importance of the choice
given to the patient by section 22F. The patient is not a passive bystander but plays an active role in the
dispensing of his or her medication.