bring this action in the absence thereof.
[55] The respondent's use of keyword advertising, even where it had a registered trade mark over the keyword,
would only be prohibited where it causes confusion. In this matter, a consumer who searches for "ClearVu" is
confronted with a multiplicity of suppliers. No reasonable consumer could possibly be under the impression
that all of them relate directly to the applicant. The reaction to these may well be irritation, or indifference, but
it is highly unlikely that the reasonably observant consumer would be confused and deceived into thinking
they were all the advertisements of the applicant. To reiterate the sentiments expressed in foreign
jurisdictions, AdWords are a familiar feature of the internet and consumers are used to distinguishing them
from natural search results.
[56] This is particularly so where the keyword of the applicant is used to trigger the advertisement of the
respondent but the advertisement and sponsored link make no reference, or use of, the applicant's trade
mark. In such circumstances, there can be no confusion that the respondent's link relates to the respondent's
MSecure product, not to "ClearVu".
[57] The applicant, accordingly, has failed to establish one of the fundamental prerequisites for passing off, that of
confusion and deception. In the light of this finding, it is unnecessary to deal with whether the applicant has
established reputation. The applicant's case on passing off falls to be dismissed on the grounds that it has
not shown the likelihood of confusion by the reasonably savvy internet user.
Page 177 of [2015] 2 All SA 162 (GJ)
Joinder
[58] Together with the replying affidavit, the applicant brought an application for the joinder of Timotheus Meintjes
("Meintjes"), the deponent to the answering affidavit. This was in response to the respondent's allegation in
the answering affidavit that the applicants have cited a company that does not exist and that the entity that
should have been cited is Roloti Beleggings (Pty) Ltd. Meintjes describes himself in the answering affidavit as
the managing director of Roloti Beleggings (Pty) Ltd trading as MSystems Group and says that they have
always intended to change the name to MSystems Group.
[59] The applicants argue that the advertisements in question show the respondent's business to be operated by
"MSystems Group"; the applicant's demand, sent via its attorneys of record, was addressed to "MSystems
Group (Pty) Ltd"; and the response thereto was from "Timo Meintjes MSystems Group (Pty) Ltd". These,
says the applicant, are consistent with the face of the respondent on its internet website, and with the
resolution put forward by the respondent where Meintjes is referred to as "Managing Director of MSystems
Group". They are inconsistent with the claim by Meintjes that the respondent is not MSystems Group (Pty)
Ltd, but Roloti Beleggings (Pty) Ltd.
[60] For the above reasons and so that any interdict that may be granted is observed and respected, the
applicant seeks to join Timotheus Meintjes. The respondent, in order that the matter may be adjudicated
upon, has suggested that Roloti Beleggings (Pty) Ltd be joined as a second respondent. In view of the
respondent's proposal the joinder of Meintjes is unnecessary. To allay any fears that the applicant may have,
Roloti Beleggings (Pty) Ltd will be joined as the second respondent in these proceedings.
[61] Finally, I turn to the argument that an interim interdict pending registration of the "ClearVu" trade mark
should be granted in the alternative. This was not sought in the notice of motion and no case has been made
out in the founding affidavit for interim relief, particularly in respect of balance of convenience. More
importantly, registration is not a foregone conclusion and what is couched as interim relief could, to all intents
and purposes, be final relief. If, and when, the applicant registers "ClearVu" as its trade mark, then it can
consider its options at that stage and seek whatever relief it deems appropriate.
[62] In conclusion, the applicant has neither made out a case that "leaning on" is a competent cause of action nor
has it proven the prerequisites for passing off. The application must fail.
In the result, I make the following order:
1.
Roloti Beleggings (Pty) Ltd is joined as the second respondent in these proceedings.
2.
The applicant's case is dismissed with costs.
For the applicants:
O Salmon instructed by Rademeyer Attorneys
For the respondent:
GD Marriott instructed by Adams & Adams
Footnotes
1
2
3
4
5
6
Transvaal Racing Club v Jockey Club of South Africa 1958 (3) SA 599 (W) at 604AE.
AM Moolla Group Ltd and others v The Gap Inc and others 2005 (6) SA 568 (SCA) para [31] [also reported at [2005] 4
All SA 245 (SCA) Ed].
Poseidon Ships Agencies (Pty) Ltd v African Coaling and Exporting Co (Durban) (Pty) Ltd 1980 (1) SA 313 (D) at 316.
Cosmetic Warriors Ltd & Lush Ltd v Amazon.co.uk. Ltd and another [2014] EWHC 181 (Ch); Intercity Group (NZ) Ltd v
Naked Bus NZ Limited [2014] NZHC 124.
Milne NO v Fabric House (Pty) Ltd 1957 (3) SA 63 (N) at 65A [also reported at [1957] 3 All SA 214 (N) Ed].
PlasconEvans Paints Ltd v Van Riebeeck Paints (Pty) Ltd 1984 (3) SA 623 (A) [also reported at [1984] 2 All SA 366 (A)
Ed].