believe something which is false and "confusion" means to cause bewilderment, doubt or uncertainty in
terms of section 44(1) of the Trade Marks Act 62 of 1963. No equivalent definition can be found in the
1993 Act.
In Puma AG Rudolf Dassler Sport v Global Warming (Pty) Ltd 2010 (2) SA 600 (SCA) at 603E [also reported
at [2010] 1 All SA 25 (SCA) Ed], Harms DP said the following:
(g)
". . ..the question of the likelihood of confusion or deception is a matter of first impression and . . . one should
not peer too closely at the registered mark and the alleged infringement to find similarities and differences."
(h)
In casu, it is common cause that the differences are the number of stripes and the device and label of
origin used.
(i)
In Kellogg Co and another v Bokomo Cooperative Ltd 1997 (2) SA 725 (C) at 734C, citing Reckitt and
Colman SA (Pty) Ltd v SC Johnson and Son 1993 (2) SA 307 (A) at 315F [also reported at [1993] 1 All SA
27 (A) Ed], it was said that the class of persons who are likely to be purchasers of the goods in
question must be taken into account to determine whether there is a likelihood of confusion or
deception.
(j)
In the Bata case at paragraph 7, Melunsky AJA stated, quoting the PlasconEvans case (supra), said that:
". . . in infringement proceedings a Court has regard to the notional use to which the plaintiff may put its mark,
that is to 'all possible fair and normal applications of the mark within the ambit of the monopoly created by the
terms of the registration. . . .'"
[25] Accordingly, the applicant has to show that there is a probability that a substantial (that is a not negligible)
number of people who purchase the respondent's footwear and who are aware of the first applicant's trade
mark as used on footwear would be confused as to whether the respondent's footwear, as a result of the
use of the allegedly infringing marks thereon, is that of the applicants or as to the existence of a connection
between the respondent and the applicants.
Page 647 of [2012] 1 All SA 636 (WCC)
[26] The likelihood of deception or confusion is for the Court to determine, considering the registered marks on the
one hand and the alleged infringement on the other, through the eyes of the notional consumer.
[27] In Verimark (Pty) Ltd v BMW Agbmw AG v Verimark 2007 (6) SA 263 (SCA) at 267E268B [also reported at
[2007] JOL 19890 (SCA) Ed], the Court held as follows:
"It is trite that a trade mark serves as a badge of origin and that trade mark law does not give copyrightlike
protection. Section 34(1)(a), which deals with primary infringement and gives in a sense absolute protection, can,
therefore, not be interpreted to give greater protection than that which is necessary for attaining the purpose of a
trade mark registration, namely protecting the mark as a badge of origin. In AnheuserBusch the ECJ was asked to
determine the conditions under which the proprietor of a trade mark has an exclusive right to prevent a third party
from using his trade mark without his consent under a primary infringement provision. The ECJ affirmed (in
paragraph 59) that:
'the exclusive right conferred by a trade mark was intended to enable the trade mark proprietor to protect his specific
interests as proprietor, that is, to ensure that the trade mark can fulfil its functions and that, therefore, the exercise of
that right must be reserved to cases in which a third party's use of the sign affects or is liable to affect the functions of
the trade mark, in particular its essential function of guaranteeing to consumers the origin of the goods'.
That is the case, the ECJ said (in paragraph 60), where the use of the mark is such that it creates the impression that
there is a 'material link in trade between the third party's goods and the undertaking from which those goods
originate'.
There can only be primary trade mark infringement if it is established that consumers are likely to interpret the mark,
as it is used by the third party, as designating or tending to designate the undertaking from which the third party's
goods originate."
II The marks on the respondent's footwear so nearly resembling the registered trade marks as to be likely to
deceive or cause confusion
[28] The applicants allege that the examples of the respondent's footwear relied upon by the applicants all bear
marks so nearly resembling the registered trade marks as is likely to deceive or cause confusion. Especially,
where the "notional customer" of footwear to which the first applicant's trade marks would be applied
includes a wide spectrum of purchaser, from the school child looking for sports footwear to the fashion
conscious adult seeking smart casual footwear.
[29] The applicants allege that the dominant and striking features of the registered trade marks are the following:
(a)
The three lateral stripes.
(b)
The stripes contrast with the colour or material of the shoe to which they are applied.
(c)
The stripes are parallel to each other.
(d)
The stripes run substantially downwards and rearwards from the fastening of the shoe to the sole.
(e)
The stripes are equidistant from each other.
(f )
The stripes are of the same width.
(g)
The stripes are separated by spaces approximately equivalent to their own width.
Page 648 of [2012] 1 All SA 636 (WCC)