(a)
the unauthorised use in the course of trade in relation to goods or services in respect of which the trade mark
is registered, of an identical mark or of a mark so nearly resembling it as to be likely to deceive or cause
confusion."
In order to establish infringement in terms of this subsection the onus is on the applicant to establish:
(a) use of a mark that is identical to or so nearly resembles the registered trademark as to be likely to deceive or
cause confusion.
(b) that the use is in the course of trade in relation to goods in respect of which the trade mark is registered;
and
(c) that the use is unauthorised.
Despite the fact that the trade mark is imprinted on the various parts or components the applicants contend that
the respondent is using the trade mark in
Page 233 of [2001] 2 All SA 219 (T)
relation to motor vehicles which is clearly not authorised and therefore an infringement. For this argument the
applicants rely on the following statement in Berman Brothers (Pty) Limited v Soda stream Limited and another
1986 (3) SA 209 (A) at 233H.
"Where the same word constitutes the trade mark under more than one registration, each in respect of a separate
class of goods, and this word is used upon an article which comprehends elements which fall within more than one
of these classes of goods, the test as to which of the registered trade marks is so used should, in my view, be an
objective one. The Court must ask itself: having regard to all the circumstances, to what would the ordinary
reasonable consumer of the article regard the mark as referring?"
All the first applicant's trade marks are registered in class 12 and it is therefore not clear that this statement is
applicable on the facts. Nevertheless and for purposes of this judgment it will be accepted that it is applicable. In
my view the answer is clear. The ordinary reasonable purchaser on opening the bonnet of the AMC bus and looking
at the various parts and components used which bear the Mercedes Benz trade mark would conclude that the trade
mark is used in relation to the parts or components and not in relation to the vehicle itself. The applicants have
therefore not established infringement in terms of section 34(1)(a) of the Trade Marks Act.
In terms of section 34(1)(c) of the Trade Marks Act the rights acquired by registration of a trade mark are
infringed by "unauthorized use, in the course of trade in relation to any goods or services, of a mark which is
identical or similar to a trade mark registered, if such trade mark is wellknown in the Republic and the use of the
said mark would be likely to take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of
the registered trade mark, notwithstanding the absence of confusion or deception."
In order to establish infringement in terms of this subsection the onus is on the applicant to establish:
(a) use of a trade mark which is identical or similar to a trade mark registered;
(b) that the use is in the course of trade in relation to any goods;
(c) that the use is unauthorised;
(d) that the registered trade mark is wellknown in the Republic;
(e) that the use of the trade mark would be likely to take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to the distinctive
character or the repute of the registered trade mark.
Having decided that the trade marks on the parts or components are used on the parts or components and not in
relation to the vehicle the applicants cannot establish this ground of infringement. Such use is clearly authorised by
the applicants. The applicants have therefore not established infringement in terms of section 34(1)(c) of the Act.
The applicants have therefore proved their case based on passingoff and commonlaw unlawful competition and
they are entitled to appropriate relief on these grounds. They are also entitled to the costs of the application which
shall include the costs of two counsel. Both sides were represented by two counsel and there was no suggestion
that the costs of two counsel were not warranted. In my view they were.
Page 234 of [2001] 2 All SA 219 (T)
Finally I would record that had I not granted final relief I would have been prepared to grant interim relief in the
same terms. The applicant's rights have been established on at least a prima facie basis and the balance of
convenience is overwhelmingly in favour of the applicants. The respondent has spent little or no time, effort, and
money on the exterior design of the AMC bus. The respondent apparently is not wedded to the exterior design and
ostensibly has no fixed intention to make a bus with the shape and configuration depicted in the photographs
(Annexure MB21 A and Annexure E to the respective affidavits). The respondent clearly has a vehicle which it wishes
to use for the tender and can change the appearance at will. There is therefore no prejudice if the respondent is
interdicted from using the shape or configuration depicted. As against that the applicants have established a
reputation in respect of their vehicle and this will be diluted or destroyed by the respondent's lookalike vehicle.
Further factors are the applicant's undertaking to be liable for damages and costs if the respondent suffers loss or
damage as a result of an interim order.
I make the following orders:
1. The respondent is interdicted from manufacturing, exhibiting for commercial purposes, marketing, offering for
sale and/or selling the AMC bus which is depicted in Annexure MB2l A to the founding affidavit of Jeffrey du
Plessis or any other vehicle which is likely to deceive or cause confusion due to its similarity with the