establishment in, a convention country,
whether or not such person carries on business, or has any goodwill, in the Republic.
36.
(1A)
In determining for the purposes of subsection (1) whether a trade mark is wellknown in the
Republic, due regard shall be given to the knowledge of the trade mark in the relevant sector of the
public, including knowledge which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the trade
mark.12
(2)
A reference in this Act to the proprietor of such a mark shall be construed accordingly.
(3)
The proprietor of a trade mark which is entitled to protection under the Paris Convention as a well
known trade mark is entitled to restrain the use in the Republic of a trade mark which constitutes, or
the essential part of which constitutes, a reproduction, imitation or translation of the wellknown trade
mark in relation to goods or services which are identical or similar to the goods or services in respect
of which the trade mark is well known and where the use is likely to cause deception or confusion.
Saving of vested rights.(1) . . .
(2)
Nothing in this Act shall allow the proprietor of a trade mark entitled to
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protection of such trade mark under the Paris Convention as a wellknown trade mark, to interfere
with or restrain the use by any person of a trade mark which constitutes, or the essential parts of
which constitute, a reproduction, imitation or translation of the wellknown trade mark in relation to
goods or services in respect of which that person or a predecessor in title of his has made continuous
and bona fide use of the trade mark from a date anterior to 31 August 1991 or the date on which the
trade mark of the proprietor has become entitled, in the Republic, to protection under the Paris
Convention, whichever is the later, or to object (on such use being proved) to the trade mark of that
person being registered in relation to those goods or services under section 14."
[15] The protection conferred on wellknown trade marks by provisions such as these differs from ordinary
statutory trade mark protection primarily because they provide an exception to the principle of territoriality as
discussed above. In addition, they protect by way of trade mark legislation also unregistered marks13
although similar protection is available at common law under the
Page 253 of [2005] 4 All SA 245 (SCA)
Lex Aquilia, more particularly, under the wrong of passing off, which also protects the local reputation of a
foreign undertaking, whether or not it trades locally.14
[16] I now turn to consider whether the respondent has made out a case for this kind of protection. Starting at the
beginning, the introductory phrase of section 35(3), namely, "the proprietor of a trade mark which is entitled
to protection under the Paris Convention" requires that, in order to be able to obtain the protection provided
for in section 35(3), the foreign owner has to be a "qualified" person in terms of section 35(1). It is common
cause that��since the respondent has a "real and effective industrial or commercial establishment in a
convention country" (the USA is a member of the Paris Convention and has been so declared by the President
in terms of section 63 of the Act),15 this requirement has been met. Another requirement is that the claimant
has to be the "proprietor" of the relevant wellknown trade mark in its home territory, something not
disputed.
[17] The appellants submitted that the respondent's claim based on section 35(3) was flawed because the
section grants protection to a wellknown mark against unregistered marks and not against marks registered
locally. The existing registrations per se, according to the argument, constitute an absolute bar to section
35(3) relief. During argument we were presented with a microscopic analysis of the term "trade mark" as
used by the Legislature in different sections of the Act does it refer to registered or unregistered marks or
both when used in sections 35 and 36(2)? I do not intend to deal
View Parallel Citation
with the argument in any detail because it flounders on a simple point. The object of introducing these
provisions onto our statute book was to comply with treaty obligations under the Paris Convention and under
TRIPS.16 Article 6bis explicitly requires of countries to protect wellknown marks against registered and
unregistered marks. There is no apparent reason why the Legislature would have wished to provide
otherwise. Since the term "trade mark" is ambiguous in that it can refer to marks both registered and
unregistered, the meaning consistent with the underlying legislative intention has to be adopted. If one has
to label this method of interpretation, it can either be an application of the "soewereine" rule of interpretation
of Dr LC Steyn,17 namely a determination of the intention of the Legislature, or the "purposive construction"
of Lord Diplock, or even Lord Steyn's "context is everything".
[18] The question then is whether the respondent's GAP marks are (or were) wellknown in South Africa and, if so,
since when. This raises a number
Page 254 of [2005] 4 All SA 245 (SCA)
of interrelated questions which were identified during the course of EM Grosskopf JA's judgment in
McDonald's.18