"[40] The Lotus menu command hierarchy is also different from the underlying computer code, because while code is
necessary for the program to work, its precise formulation is not. In other words, to offer the same capabilities as
Lotus 123, Borland did not have to copy the Lotus's underlying code (and indeed it did not); to allow users to
operate its programs in substantially the same way, however, Borland had to copy the Lotus menu command
hierarchy.
The fact that the programs have similar screens which are viewed by the user does not necessarily mean that the
one is copied from the other. Similarity may, for example, be due to the fact the different programs seek to
achieve the same functionality or the fact that the same programming tools (available in a programming language)
were used."
Databases
In terms of section 1(1) of the Act, as amended by section 50(e) of the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act
38 of 1997, electronic databases are included under the definition of literary works, which are defined to include:
(g)
tables and compilations, including tables and compilations of data stored or embodied in a computer or a
medium used in conjunction with a computer,
but shall not include a computer program;
The South African Legislature has thus opted for the protection of electronic databases as a form of compilation
which is a species of literary work (see Dean Handbook at 18 to 18A, 114).
View Parallel Citation
Authorship
Section 3 of the Act provides that copyright shall be conferred on every work eligible for copyright of which the
author is a qualified person. In terms of section 3(1)(b) a juristic person incorporated under the laws of this country
is a qualified person. In terms of section 21(1)(a) the ownership of copyright conferred by section 3 shall vest in the
author of any work, or in the case of joint authorship, in the coauthors of the work. In section 21(1)(d) it is
provided that where a work is made in the course of the author's employment by another person under a contract
of service or apprenticeship, that other person shall be the owner of the copyright subsisting in the work.
In section 1(1) of the Act, the author of a computer program is defined as
"the person who exercised control over the making of the computer program."
Actual involvement in the creative work going into the making of the program is, therefore, not critical and
authorship arises simply from control over the persons concerned (LAWSA 2ed vol V part 2 paragraph 4). The
person who exercises control over the making of a computer program is a person who has the power of regulation
of the manner in which the person who "makes" the program is to do his or her work.
The author of a literary work is defined in section 1(1) of the Act as
"the person who first makes or creates the work."
The author of a database, which is a species of literary work, is the person who first makes or creates the
database.
Page 79 of [2004] 4 All SA 67 (C)
Originality
Works are eligible for copyright only if they are "original" (section 2(1) of the Act). This does not means that
"the work must in any way be unique or inventive, but merely that it should be the product of the author's or
maker's own labours and endeavours and should not be copied from other sources. Originality is a matter of degree
depending on the amount of skill, judgment or labour involved in making the work."
(Dean Handbook 115 and the authorities cited)
The originality of a computer program, and its eligibility for copyright, would therefore depend upon the question
whether sufficient original skill and labour were used in the creation of the program.
The protection of the contents of databases has been a worldwide headache. In the USA there has in recent
years been a "spate of sui generis proposals aimed at protecting the contents of data bases" (Lemley et al, Software
and Internet Law 2ed (2003) at 275276). The European Union has adopted a directive which extends copyright
protection to databases if they constitute
The author's own intellectual creation, ie databases which evidence some measure of "originality" or "creativity"
on the part of the author.
In the United States in Feist Publications Ltd v Rural Telephone Service Company Inc 449 US 340 (1991), O'Connor J
stressed that while facts are not copyrightable, compilations of facts are within the subject matter of copyright:
Factual compilations, on the other hand, may possess the requisite originality.
View Parallel Citation