this success; there may be commercial reasons for this success unrelated to whether the invention was or was not obvious
in the past.
Secondary evidence of this type has its place and the importance, or weight, to be attached to it will vary from case to case.
However, such evidence must be kept firmly in its place. It must not be permitted, by reason of its volume and complexity,
to obscure the fact that it is no more than an aid in assessing the primary evidence."
Whilst the objection of lack of inventiveness was seriously contested on appeal very limited attention seems to
have been paid to it in the evidence. The result is that the primary evidence is not particularly helpful. What it
amounted to is the following: Dr Viljoen in evidence discussed a series of prior publications (in the main patent
specifications relied upon in the pleadings in support of an attack on novelty which was ultimately abandoned). She
was then asked, under the rubric of inventiveness,
View Parallel Citation
if there was any difference "between the teachings of those documents and the teachings of this patent". Her
answer was that not one of the (other) patents she had read described a low energy fuse or a shock tube in which
it was mentioned that it was important that the inner layer had adhesive properties and that the outer layer be
resistant to abrasion. Nor, she said, "(that) you could achieve this by actually using two different types of
polymers". This she said was different from the earlier descriptions and that it would not have "been that easy" to
come from a single tube and to "realise that you could solve a lot of problems by adding another plastic layer". The
only other evidence she gave is that which was principally relied on in defendants' heads of argument in this Court
namely her assent, when confronted with a 1990 publication, to a statement therein that "the obvious method of
overcoming the disadvantages of Surlyn tubing while retaining the advantageous properties, was to produce a bi
laminated tube where an inner tube of Surlyn was over coated with an outer layer of polyethylene".
As far as the defendants were for their part concerned, the technical evidence amounted to little more than the
fact that the same extract was read to Mr Spragg and that he (not unexpectedly) also assented thereto.
There is this to be said about this evidence by Dr Viljoen and Mr Spragg. Dr Viljoen's evidence based on and
related to the earlier documents is not sufficiently focussed to the inquiry which must be addressed in relation to
inventiveness in terms of the tests discussed earlier. Secondly the questions themselves were not properly directed
to the invention defined by the claims. The objection of lack
Page 463 of [1998] 4 All SA 453 (A)
of inventiveness is not an objection to "teaching" in the body of the specification. It is the claims which must be
considered and there is nothing to suggest that this distinction was clear to Dr Viljoen. As far as the extract from
the 1990 publication is concerned it does not seem to have been raised in crossexamination in a context which
would have suggested that inventiveness was under consideration. Seen in that light it would, I think, be unwise to
hold this answer against Dr Viljoen or to set too much store on the response by Mr Spragg to a leading question
equally unrelated in its context to what I must assume was the actual purpose of the question. The only other
technical evidence was that of Lundborg.
Lundborg stated that he was employed by Nobel from 1969 to 1978 during which time he worked on shock tube
products which had been commercialised by Nobel and were being sold under the trade mark Nonel. A complaint
was received from a site in northern Sweden, where the product was used in an open pit, where misfires had been
experienced. These had been attributed to the dislodgment of the explosive powder in the tube leading to the
formation of a plug of powder which terminated the propagation of the shock wave. It was, he said, a marginal
problem. The problem was, however, discussed and three solutions were suggested. The first was to reduce the
core load. This proved impractical and led to an increase in the misfires. The second was to use finer explosive
powder. This was rejected because the powder supplier was unable to provide Nobel with sufficient quantities of
finer powder. The third solution was (so one must read into his evidence) to look at a two part tube in which the
outer part was more resistant to abrasion. Stated
View Parallel Citation
in these simple terms and considering the logic of the situation his evidence seems to indicate that the suggestion
of a tougher outer layer must have been obvious. In the result the technical evidence does not suggest that any
inventive step was called for.
There remains only the question of the secondary evidence. This usually takes the form of evidence of commercial
success which then serves as a salutary counter to the wisdom of hindsight. In this case the secondary evidence
was again of an unconvincing nature. Lundborg was asked in crossexamination how long his department had
worked on the improved tube before it arrived at the solution it provided. He answered "about two years". The
matter was not further investigated. In particular no attempt to establish why it had taken two years; no reports by
his department reflecting what work was being done and what progress was being made (such as one is
accustomed to seeing in patent cases) were produced. Seen in this light his answer is, in my view, of no
consequence. It does not assist in showing that the advance made was an inventive one. The only other evidence
of a secondary nature was an attempt in the crossexamination of Mr Spragg (by the use of an answer given in one
of the American depositions) to show that a product, which I will assume was sufficiently identified as a sandwich
type tube, had "succeeded beyond (EB America's) expectations". This evidence was, in my view, inconclusive and
quite insufficient to show either commercial success or inventiveness. It should be noted that there was no
evidence of commercial success in South Africa; no evidence of success by the patentee and only, somewhat
curiously, an attempt to rely on the success of an alleged infringer with no investigation of the reasons for such