condoned. At the hearing the first respondent applied for leave to file a fourth set of affidavits. The applicant
opposed this application. In the affidavit supporting this application it is stated that the purpose of the
affidavit is to deal with allegations in the replying affidavit which are not true. However it is clear that what
the first respondent seeks to do is bolster the defence raised in the answering affidavit which was criticised in
the applicant's replying affidavit. It is clear that the first respondent is really seeking a second opportunity to
set out a defence. There is also no explanation for the failure to deal fully with the facts in the original
answering affidavit. In the circumstances there is no proper basis for permitting the filing of the fourth set of
affidavits see James Brown & Hamer (Pty) Ltd (previously named Gilbert Hamer & Co Ltd) v Simmons NO
1963 (4) SA 656 (A) at 660DH. The application to file the further affidavits on behalf of the first respondent
will therefore be refused.
[8] Section 24(1) of the Act provides
"In the event of noninsertion in or omission from the register of any entry, or of an entry wrongly made in or
wrongly remaining on the register or any error or defect in any entry in the register, any interested person may
apply to the court or, at the option of the applicant and subject to the provisions of
Page 593 of [2005] 2 All SA 588 (T)
section 59, in the prescribed manner, to the registrar for the desired relief, and thereupon the court or the
registrar, as the case may be, may make such order for making, removing or varying the entry as it or he may
deem fit."
The relevant part of section 10 of the Act provides
"10
The following marks shall not be registered as trade marks or, if registered, shall subject to the provisions
of sections 3 and 70, be liable to be removed from the register:
(1)
. . .
(3)
a mark in relation to which the applicant for registration has no bona fide claim to proprietorship;
(7)
a mark the application for registration of which was made mala fide;
(12)
a mark which is inherently deceptive or the use of which would be likely to deceive or cause
confusion, be contrary to law, be contra bonos mores, or be likely to give offence of any class of
persons."
Sections 3 and 70 of the Act are not relevant in the present case.
[9] The applicant contends that the trade marks which it seeks to have expunged are entries wrongly made in
the register contrary to subsections 10(3), 10(7) and 10(12) of the Act. It is not in dispute that the applicant is
an interested person for the purposes of section 24(1) of the Act (the first respondent has threatened the
applicant with infringement proceedings based on the two trade marks see Webster & Page South African
Law of Trade Marks 4ed paragraph 13.2) and that the relevant date for determining whether the entry of the
trade marks was wrongly made on the register is 14 October 1998 see Sportshoe (Pty) Ltd v Pep Stores (SA)
(Pty) Ltd 1990 (1) SA 722 (A) at 726E: Webster & Page paragraph 13.16.2.
[10] Since it is fundamental to the applicant's case it will be convenient to deal at this stage with the legal status
of registered and unregistered trade marks.
Under the Act and its predecessor, the Trade Marks Act 62 of 1963 ("the old Act"), once registered, a trade
mark becomes subject to the proprietary rights of the registered proprietor. The registered proprietor is
entitled to assign the trade mark (section 39 of the Act and section 49 of the old Act), license its use by
another person (section 38 o f t h e A c t a n d section 48 of the old Act) and institute proceedings for
infringement (sections 33 and 34 of the Act and sections 43 and 44 of the old Act). Under the common law,
however, a trade mark cannot, as such, be the subject of proprietary rights. A person can only become the
proprietor of the goodwill of the business in relation to which the mark is used in consequence of the use
which has been made of the mark see William Penn Oils Ltd v Oils International (Pty) Ltd 1966 (1) SA 311 (A)
at 318A: Caterham Car Sales & Coachworks Ltd v Birkin Cars (Pty) Ltd1 1998 (3) SA 938 (SCA) paragraph 11:
Webster & Page paragraph 5.3. If the name or mark becomes distinctive of the business, its merchandise or
services the proprietor may institute passingoff proceedings against any other person who by using that
name or mark, or one that is deceptively similar thereto, represents that his business or merchandise or
services are those of the former. Passingoff is
Page 594 of [2005] 2 All SA 588 (T)
unlawful not because it violates a proprietary right in respect of the name or trade mark. It is unlawful
because it interferes with a person's right to carry on business freely, in competition with his rivals, without
unlawful interference. The unlawfulness arises because the use of the name or mark results, or is calculated
to result, in the improper filching of another's trade and or improper infringement of his goodwill and/or
because it may cause injury to that other's trade reputation. The wrong of passingoff is a species of the
wider wrong of wrongful competition. See Matthews and others v Young 1922 AD 492 at 507; Geary & Son (Pty)
Ltd v Gove 1964 (1) SA 434 (A) at 440441; Brian Boswell Circus (Pty) Ltd and another v BoswellWilkie Circus
(Pty) Ltd 1985 (4) SA 466 (A) at 478FJ; Schultz v Butt 1986 (3) SA 667 (A) at 678FJ; Caterham Car Sales &
Coachworks Ltd v Birkin Cars (Pty) Ltd (supra) paragraphs 15 and 16 and Star Industrial Co Ltd v Yap Kwee Kor
(t/a New Star Industrial Co) [1976] FSR 256 (PC) at 269.
[11] It is wellsettled that goodwill or reputation cannot exist by itself. In Caterham Car Sales & Coachworks v Birkin
Cars (Pty) Ltd (supra) at paragraph 11 the court referred with approval to the following statement from Star
Industrial Co Ltd v Yap Kwee Kor (t/a New Star Industrial Co) (supra)