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(a) during official or religious ceremonies, to the extent justified by the nature of these
ceremonies;
(b) as part of the activities of an educational institution, for the staff and students of such an
institution, provided the public consists solely of staff and students of the institution, or
parents and supervisors, or other persons directly linked to the institution’s activities.
Import for Personal Reasons
Article 24
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 10(g) above, the import of a copy of a work by a
natural person, for personal reasons, shall be permitted without the authorization of the
author or of any other owner of the copyright in the work.
Chapter V
Duration of Protection
General Provisions
Article 25
Unless otherwise specified in this chapter, the economic rights in a work shall be protected
during the author’s lifetime and for 70 years after his death.
Moral rights shall have no time limitation, and shall be exempt from prescription,
inalienable and transferable to successors in title in the case of death.
Duration of Protection for Collaborative Works
Article 26
The economic rights in a collaborative work shall be protected during the lifetime of the last
surviving author and for 70 years after his death.
Duration of Protection for Anonymous and
Pseudonymous Works
Article 27
The economic rights in a work published anonymously or under a pseudonym shall
be protected until the end of a 70-year period from the end of the calendar year when such a
work was lawfully published for the first time or, where such an event has not occurred in the
50 years since the work was produced, 70 years from the end of the calendar year when
such a work was made available to the public or, where this has not occurred in the 50 years
since the production of this work, 70 years from the end of the calendar year of such
production.
If, prior to the expiry of said period, the identity of the author is revealed unambiguously, the
provisions of Article 25 or 26 above, shall apply.
Duration of Protection for Collective and
Audiovisual Works
Article 28
The economic rights in a collective or audiovisual work shall be protected for a period of 70
years from the end of the calendar year when such a work was lawfully published for the first
time or, where such an event has not occurred in the 50 years since the work was published,
70 years from the end of the calendar year when such a work was made available to the
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