Article (43)
The State shall protect and develop the Suez Canal and preserve it as an international waterway
owned by the State. The State shall also develop the Canal sector as a distinguished economic
center.
Article (44)
The State shall protect the River Nile, preserve Egypt's historical rights thereto, rationalize and
maximize its use, and refrain from wasting or polluting its water. The State shall also protect
groundwater; adopt necessary means for ensuring water security; and support scientific research
in that regard.
Every citizen is guaranteed the right to enjoy the River Nile. It is prohibited to trespass the
riverbank reserve or harm the riverine environment. The State shall guarantee eliminating any
trespass against the River Nile as regulated by Law.
Article (45)
The State shall protect its seas, shores, lakes, waterways and natural protectorates.
Trespassing, polluting or misusing any of them is prohibited. Every citizen is guaranteed the
right of enjoying them. The State shall protect and develop the green space in the urban areas;
preserve plant, animal and fish resources and protect those under the threat of extinction or
danger; guarantee humane treatment of animals, all according to the law.
Article (46)
Every person has the right to a sound healthy environment. Environment protection is a national
duty. The State shall take necessary measures to protect and ensure not to harm the environment;
ensure a rational use of natural resources so as to achieve sustainable development; and
guarantee the right of future generations thereto.
Chapter Three
Cultural Components
Article (47)
The State shall maintain the Egyptian cultural identity with its diversified branches of
civilization.
Article (48)
Culture is a right to every citizen. The State shall secure and support this right and make
available all types of cultural materials to all strata of the people, without any discrimination
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