Mr Ginsburg submitted that these contentions were supported by the respondent's own evidence and pointed
to the following extracts from the affidavit of the respondent's deponent:
·
Respondent's purpose is to challenge the enforceability of the applicant's intellectual property rights;
·
The method employed by the respondent is to appeal to or attract the attention of consumers who use
the trade mark which is being attacked by the respondent; and
·
The respondent's target market is primarily the black workingclass South African. The respondent
targets these people because, in the words of the respondent's deponent, "the Black Label brand is and
has been used on an extensive scale to market Black Label beer, primarily to blackworking class South
Africans . . .". Furthermore, the deponent states that it is a widely known fact that Black Label beer is
targeted at the largely uneducated black mass market.
Page 461 of [2003] 2 All SA 454 (C)
·
The respondent's deponent states
". . . Laugh It Off has used the force of a massive entity (namely, the Black Label brand) back on itself.
Seeing as we don't have the money or the marketing clout to defeat them on their playing fields, we have
invented our own."
·
According to the respondent, "Undisputably too, is the fact that SAB (ie South African Breweries) and
Black Label have profited and fed off this exploited black market, by using the misery of the working class
to drive product."
·
The applicant "unethically feeds off apartheid's legacy".
In holding the view that "while it ought to be relatively easy to identify dilution where the use is obviously
offensive", the authors of Webster & Page (paragraph 12.24 at p44) refer to their discussion of the meaning
"likely to give offence" in the context of section 10(12) of the Act. That subsection prohibits the registration of
a mark which is, inter alia, "likely to give offence to any class of persons". In considering this provision the
authors suggest that the words refer to marks which ex facie offend because of their content.
In my view it is clear from a comparison of the marks and respondent's understanding of as well as its
purpose in using the applicant's marks, that the applicant has established that such use would be likely to
take unfair advantage or be detrimental to the distinctive character or repute of the plaintiff's registered
marks.
[14] Mr Hodes endeavoured to make something of the fact that the target of the respondent's innuendoes in its
papers is SAB and not the applicant. As mentioned previously the applicant is the registered holder of the
trade marks in question which are used by SAB in this country under licence. Since the case of the applicant is
that the respondent's actions are likely to dilute the value of the trade marks, it is clearly only the holder of
the trade marks who can institute infringement proceedings. Furthermore, the applicant makes it clear in its
papers that it controls the trade in the products sold under its label and that it has in association with SAB
worked extremely hard to avoid racial discrimination in its labour practices. For the purposes of the present
application, I consider the applicant and its licensee to have a common identity with the result that the
"attack" on SAB by the respondent must, of necessity, filter through to the applicant.
[15] It is clear from the respondent's papers that it is in effect using the applicant's mark for commercial gain. The
respondent's deponent admitted in an interview with a Cape Radio station (a transcript of the interview being
attached to the papers) that it has to use the applicant's trade mark in order to sell its Tshirts and that the
use of the applicant's trade mark is the medium that affords the respondent the ability to make money. The
deponent also acknowledged that the respondent's Tshirt would have no commercial value if they were not
sold by making use of the brand or trade mark of the applicant.
[16] The respondent does not raise any of the statutory defences set out in section 34(2) of the Act, but instead
Mr Hodes submitted that the mark used by the respondent amounted to nothing more than social commentary
in the form of lampooning or satire which the respondent was entitled to make by virtue of the provisions of
the Constitution which guarantee freedom
Page 462 of [2003] 2 All SA 454 (C)
of speech. This brings to the fore what is sometimes referred to as the tension between the common or
statute law on the one hand and the Constitution on the other and ultimately the issue must be resolved by
careful balancing of the provisions of section 34 (1)(c) of the Act against the provisions of section 16 of the
Constitution, which reads
"Freedom of Expression
16.
(1)
(2)
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes,
(a)
freedom of the press and other media;
(b)
freedom to receive or impart information or ideas;
(c)
freedom of artistic creativity; and
(d)
academic freedom and freedom of scientific research.
The right in subsection (1) does not extend to
(a)
propaganda for war;