suffered and will continue to suffer harm. The first applicant will suffer the financial loss caused to it by the loss
of sales more particularly in that they will not receive the royalties they would otherwise have received on
sales made by the second applicant through Adidas South Africa. The first applicant is entitled, to such
damages as it has suffered, alternatively, for the purposes of the claim based on trade mark infringement, a
reasonable royalty in relation to all the infringing products sold by the respondent. Similarly, prior to 2009 the
second applicant will suffer the financial loss caused to it by the loss of sales. Prior to 2009, the second
applicant will not have received the royalties it would otherwise have received on sales made through Adidas
South Africa."
[86] In relation to the question of damages allegedly payable by the respondent in consequence of its alleged
infringement of the first applicant's registered trade marks and the respondent's passingoff or, in respect of
the trade mark infringement, a royalty payable this Court was requested to order that an enquiry be held into
such damages or royalty.
[87] I am, however, of the view that as applicants have not proved infringement nor passingoff, the issue of
damages obviously does not fall to be considered.
[88] Applying the law to the facts on infringement
(a)
Even if I accept, as applicants allege, that the respondent's trade marks or device or brand name are
objectively meaninglessness or generic, I cannot conclude that they do not serve to distinguish
respondent's footwear from applicants' footwear (see Harms DP in Puma AG Rudolph Dassler Sport v
Global Warming (Pty) Ltd 2010 (2) SA 600 (SCA) at 602).
(b)
The identification of what applicants' trade mark is, is a question that the Court has to first answer
before it can make a comparison between the marks of the applicants and the marks of the respondent.
(c)
To engage in that inquiry, this Court needs to look no further than the description of the applicant's
relevant trade marks which are set out earlier in this judgment and which can be summarised as
follows:
(i)
Three stripes of a colour different to the goods or shoes on which they are applied;
(ii)
Running parallel from the fastening downwards to the sole on both sides;
(iii)
Running parallel to each other;
(iv)
Of equal width and equal distance from each other;
(v)
The three stripes should be of the same colour or more than one colour;
(vi)
The stripes are applied to the outside of the goods or shoes;
(vii)
The length of the stripes vary according to where on the goods they are applied.
[89] In the case of trade mark infringement, the applicant has to show that in comparing its registered marks with
the alleged infringing marks, without
Page 670 of [2012] 1 All SA 636 (WCC)
r e f e r e n c e t o t h e g e t u p , t h e o f f e n d i n g m a r k s a r e l i k e l y t o d e c e i v e o r c a u s e c o n f u s i o n ( s e e Adidas
Sportschunfabriken KG v Harry Walt and Co Ltd 1976 (1) SA 530 (T) at 535H).
[90] When one disregards the features of the getup, then one is left with the 3 stripes of equal width and
different colour to the shoe spaced an equal distance apart running in the direction from the lace area down
to the sole.
[91] The applicants' trade mark is not limited to any one of the features described above but rather applies to the
total combination of these features. The 3stripe mark is clearly the dominant feature. It also serves to qualify
the remaining features.
[92] Accordingly, there may be many shoes in the marketplace that use one or all of those features excluding the
3stripe feature. Shoes that have some features similar to that of applicant can clearly not be considered to
infringe the applicants trade mark as the mark must be considered as a whole, inclusive of the 3stripe
feature.
[93] The Court has to transport itself into the marketplace and consider the respondent's offending shoes as a
notional customer of average intelligence would when purchasing with ordinary caution. The shoe of the
respondent should also be considered side by side with those of the applicants and they should also be
looked at separately.
[94] In so considering the circumstances prevailing in the marketplace, the following are relevant. When the
Plascon Evans case (supra) was determined in 1984 and when the Adidas and Harry Walter Co case was
decided in 1976, South Africans were not as exposed to international branded shoes and clothing as they
currently are. At the time, many international companies adhered to the request for the imposition of
sanctions against South Africa. The country's marketplace, accordingly, did not have as much international
brands as it now does. Public awareness of the identifying features of the international renown products was
not as pervasive then as it now is.
[95] This country was also not allowed to compete in international sporting events then to the extent that it now
does.
[96] South African media was not as globally connected then as it is now.
[97] These then are additional, factors present in the marketplace now that were not necessarily prevailing
considerations in previous cases.