document I annex hereto. What is of course significant is the bold S, in each case, combined with the word curl.
It is convenient here to discuss also the use of the term Scurl by other persons which is what respondent
largely relied upon for its attack on the mark. The respondent's contention was that the term Scurl had come to
denote a particular hair style and that various manufacturers of hair products intended for use by black persons had
used the term descriptively on containers of their products and in advertisements. These are the propositions from
which the learned judge's reasoning proceeded. The evidentiary foundation for both, as I shall presently show, is
questionable but for reasons which I later give this is not of great importance. Du Plessis J in his judgment cites
exhibits RW 17 to RW 20 as the evidential basis for his finding. In these exhibits what is significant is the depictions
of the reverse face of the containers consisting, for the most part, of directions for the use of the contents.
Annexure RW 17 may be taken as an example. The directions for use commence with the words "DO NOT WASH
THE HAIR USE ON DRY UNWASHED HAIR. Apply SOF 'N EASY HAIR BALM to the hair line covering ears and neck.
Apply 'S' CURL RELAXER CREAM starting at the back of the head ..." The directions continue in like vein referring also
to "'S' CURL RELAXER CREAM, 'S' CURL NEUTRALIZING SHAMPOO, 'S' CURL DEEP CONDITIONER, 'S' CURL GEL AND 'S'
CURL MOISTURISING."
Page 332 of [1997] 1 All SA 327 (A)
Du Plessis J did not refer in the judgment to the appellant's answering affidavit in which it is said of annexure RW 17
that it was a product of American Hair Products (Pty) Ltd and American Hair Care CC. Letters of demand had been
sent in 1991 to both with the result that the product was removed from the market. Broadly similar answers were
given in respect of the other exhibits referred to by Du Plessis J. His acceptance of the respondent's evidence in this
respect no doubt flowed from his incorrect appreciation of the operation of the PlasconEvans rule, a matter to which
I presently refer. However little of this matters because there is other evidence of various concerns having used the
term "S curl" in advertisements. A good deal of this evidence consists of photographs of billboards used by "informal
hairdressers" on which various cuts or styling for hair are advertised. An example is exhibit RW 6 on which, in the
lefthand corner photograph, nineteen cuts or styles (somewhat crudely written) are advertised. Those most
relevant read BLOW R15, CUT R15, S CURL R45, PRINCIPAL RELAX R35.
View Parallel Citation
This is typical of many such boards. The use of S curl in exhibit RW 6 seems to be as a description of a service and
not goods. But there are other exhibits which would suggest that the term is being used descriptively or at least
adjectivally in relation to certain products. Much of the evidence was in fact of no great relevance. Where the term is
used as indicating a service to be provided this use can have no bearing on the fate of a goods mark. Some of the
evidence furthermore related only to use which was permissible in terms of the (original) disclaimer. However, since
Mr Puckrin, who appeared for the appellant, was, subject to an important qualification, prepared to accept that the
term Scurl had been used in a descriptive sense on a significant scale it is unnecessary to elaborate on the exhibits
or to analyse the precise usage demonstrated thereby. Mr Puckrin's qualification related to the time when such use
was made of the term Scurl. The facts in this regard are not discussed in the judgment of the Court below. Mr
Puckrin's qualification was that all this was to be read with the respondent's statement (in the affidavit of its
principal deponent Willison) to the following effect, namely:
"It has been the respondent's contention that Scurl became generic towards approximately the end of 1989 or the
beginning of 1990."
It is thus clear that the respondent's case is based on what may be called "post registration facts". What the
consequence of this is I will discuss later.
While the matter can then be considered on the basis of Mr Puckrin's concession it is, I think necessary to refer to
the Court below's approach. The learned judge, in considering the evidence, applied (as he put it) the guidelines
l a i d d o w n i n PlasconEvans Paints Ltd v Van Riebeeck Paints (Pty) Ltd 1984 (3) SA 623 (A) as explained in
Ngqumba/Damons NO/Jooste en andere v Staatspresident en andere 1988 (4) SA 224 (A) at 259C263C. In so doing
however the learned judge accepted or assumed (as counsel also seem to have done) that he was dealing with a
single comprehensive application. He thus accepted the dictum of Corbett JA at 634635 in the PlasconEvans case,
as operating against the appellant and that it was the respondent's version (subject to the recognised
qualifications) which has to be accepted. In this he erred. The present proceedings consist of separate applications,
having a certain overlap and being argued at a combined hearing, but separate and independent applications
nonetheless. The proper approach in these circumstances is that while the respondent's version must be looked to
in so far as the main application is concerned, the reverse is
Page 333 of [1997] 1 All SA 327 (A)
the case with the counterapplication. For reasons which follow this too plays no great part in the resolution of the
dispute.
With that preamble I turn to the counterapplication.
Section 16(1) provides:
"It shall not be lawful to register as a trade mark or part of a trade mark any matter the use of which would be likely to
deceive or cause confusion ... or would otherwise be disentitled to protection in a court of law."
Section 33(1) provides:
"Any person aggrieved by the noninsertion in or omission from the register of