[23] Value Logistics bears the onus of establishing in terms of section 34(1)(a) of the Act that:
(i) the use of Value Car Hire so nearly resembles the registered trade marks as to be likely to deceive or
cause confusion;
(ii) the use is in relation to services in respect of which the trade marks are registered;
(iii) the use is in the course of trade; and
(iv) the use is unauthorised.
Section 34(1)(b) deals with use in relation to services which are so similar to the services in respect of which
the mark is registered that in such use there exists the likelihood of deception or confusion.
[24] In PlasconEvans (supra) it was held that in an infringement action the onus was on the plaintiff to show the
probability or likelihood of deception or confusion. The following passage from the judgment at 642E is
relevant:
"As I have emphasised, however, the comparison must not be confined to a viewing of the marks side by side. I
must notionally transport myself to the market place (see the remarks of Colman J in Laboratoire Lachartre SA v
ArmourDial Incorporated 1976 (2) SA 744 (T) at 746D) and consider whether the average customer is likely to be
deceived or confused. And here I must take into account relevant surrounding circumstances, such as the way in
which the goods to which the marks are applied are marketed, the types of customer who would be likely to
purchase the goods, matters of common knowledge in the trade and the knowledge which such purchasers would
have of the goods in question and the marks applied to them."
This approach was confirmed in Bata Ltd v Face Fashions CC and another 2001 (1) SA 844 (SCA). The court held
that it is appropriate to apply the principles of PlasconEvans and with regard to the concept of "global
appreciation" it recorded at 850 paragraph [9] that:
"A similar approach was adopted by the European Court of Justice in Sabel BV v Puma AG, Rudolf Dassler Sport
[1998] RPC 199. At 224 it was said that the likelihood of confusion must 'be appreciated globally' and that the
'global appreciation of the visual, aural or conceptual similarity of the marks in question, must be based on
the overall impression given by the marks, bearing in mind, in particular, their distinctive and dominant
components'."
[25] What must then be done must be to compare Value Truck Rental on the one hand with Value Car Hire on the
other having regard to the principles
Page 485 of [2005] 4 All SA 474 (C)
set out in the cases mentioned. In my view, no question of confusion or deception arises upon such a
comparison.
Acquiescence
[26] Counsel for the respondents also submitted that the applicants had acquiesced in the use of its mark by the
respondents. This was based on the fact that although the first respondent had in response to a demand to
desist from using the mark informed the applicants' attorneys on 24 January 2003 that it would continue to
use the mark, the applicant had delayed taking action until December 2003. In the light of the view which I
have taken in regard to the merits of the application it is not necessary to deal with this issue, nor is it
necessary to deal with the application for condonation for the late filing of additional papers by the applicants
and papers filed in opposition thereto. The costs relating to these papers will form part of the costs of this
application.
The Trade Practices Act
[27] Even less was said about the second alternative prayer of the applicants, namely that the first respondent be
interdicted and restrained from contravening the provisions of section 9 of the Trade Practices Act 76 of 1976
by publishing or displaying any advertisement or other document that creates the impression that the
services offered by the first respondent are those offered by the applicants. In the light of the conclusions
which I have reached in regard to the claims for trade mark infringement and passingoff, it is clear that there
can be no merit in a claim brought under this Act.
Costs
[28] The submission on behalf of the respondents that they be awarded the costs of two counsel in the event of
the application being dismissed was not opposed by counsel for the applicants. I consider that because of the
importance of the matter for the respondents and the nature of the application, the respondents were
entitled to employ two counsel.
In the circumstances the application is dismissed with costs, such costs to include the costs of two counsel.
For the applicants:
RM Robinson instructed by Henkes Buswell Attorneys, Cape Town
For the respondent:
PB Hodes SC and SC Goddard instructed by EQM Hunter, Cape Town