The results indicate that the majority of white adults, aged 16 and over, living in households in higher income suburbs of
Johannesburg and Pretoria are aware of the McDonald's brand name, and associate McDonald's with hamburgers".
During January and February 1995 a similar survey was conducted among white male and females, aged 16 years
and over, living in selected higher income suburbs of Durban. The conclusions were stated as follows:
"A large majority of respondents were aware of the name McDonald's, and/or the McDonald's logos/trade marks (90%).
More than half had heard of both McDonald's, and also knew the logos/trade marks (52%).
Most respondents spontaneously associated McDonald's with hamburgers, or knew of McDonald's Hamburgers (87%).
The results indicate that the majority of white adults, aged 16 and over, living in the higher income Durban suburbs of
Broadway, Essenwood, Morningside and Musgrave are aware of the McDonald's brand name, and associate McDonald's with
hamburgers."
This survey evidence raises two questions, viz, whether it is admissible, and what weight should be attached to it.
To a certain extent these questions are interrelated, as will be seen.
I deal first with admissibility. The basis upon which the admissibility of market survey evidence has been
questioned in the past is that it is of a hearsay nature. See Hoechst Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd v The Beauty Box (Pty)
Ltd (In Liquidation) and Another 1987 (2) SA 600 (A) at 616I617D, and authorities there quoted, particularly Die
Bergkelder v Delheim Wines (Pty) Ltd 1980 (3) SA 1171 (C) at 1180A1182E. See also A Paizes, PublicOpinion Polls
and the Borders of Hearsay (1983) 100 SALJ 71.
View Parallel Citation
The matter of hearsay evidence is now governed by statute. Section 3 of the Law of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of
1988 provides that hearsay evidence is inadmissible, subject to certain exceptions. Section 3(4) defines "hearsay
evidence" as
"evidence, whether oral or in writing, the probative value of which depends upon the credibility of any person other than the
person giving such evidence."
In the present case, evidence was given by Mr Corder as well as by the supervisors and interviewers. The only
people involved in the survey who did not
Page 22 of [1996] 4 All SA 1 (A)
testify were the interviewees. The question then is: does the probative value of the evidence depend on the
credibility of the interviewees? On behalf of McDonald's it was contended that it did not. The evidence should be
admitted, it was argued, because it is opinion evidence of a scientific nature, or, alternatively, that it relates to a
state of mind. In support of the latter proposition reliance was placed on Hollywood Curl (Pty) Ltd and Another v
Twins Products (Pty) Ltd (1) 1989 (1) SA 236 (A) at 251J252G.
I doubt whether either leg of this argument is correct. It is true that an expert may sometimes refer to hearsay
sources in support of his views. However, if his views are entirely based on assertions which he obtained from
somebody else, it is difficult to contend that the probative value of his evidence does not depend on the credibility
of such other person. And in so far as the evidence is said to relate to a state of mind, this may be true in respect of
some of the replies. It may be that in some cases the mere fact that an interviewee made a certain utterance may
be relevant as indicating his state of knowledge (e.g. by his associating McDonald's with hamburgers). In some
other cases it does seem to me, however, that it is the assumed truth of what is said by the interviewees which is
ultimately reflected in the results of the survey.
It is not necessary, however, to pursue this matter any further since I consider that, even if it is hearsay, the
evidence should have been admitted under one of the exceptions provided in the statute. Section 3(1)(c ) allows
hearsay evidence to be admitted if
"the court, having regard to
(i)
the nature of the proceedings;
(ii)
the nature of the evidence;
(iii)
the purpose for which the evidence is tendered;
(iv)
the probative value of the evidence;
(v)
the reason why the evidence is not given by the person upon whose credibility the probative value of such evidence
depends;
(vi)
any prejudice to a party which the admission of such evidence might entail; and
(vii)
any other factor which should in the opinion of the court be taken into account,
is of the opinion that such evidence should be admitted in the interests of justice."
In the present case the evidence is tendered, broadly speaking, to show the extent to which the name McDonald's
and its trade marks are known amongst the public. In theory the best way of doing this would probably be by
calling a representative sample of the public as witnesses. Expert evidence would explain how the sample was
selected and what conclusions could be drawn from the results. This would, however, not be a
View Parallel Citation