patent). The first respondent, Janssen
Page 447 of [1998] 4 All SA 445 (A)
Pharmaceutica NV, a major Belgian research company with worldwide interests in pharmaceutical agricultural and
veterinary products, is the inventor and registered proprietor of the patent. First respondent is a subsidiary of a
large American Corporation. The second respondent, Novartis AG, formerly CibaGeigy AG of Basel, is the registered
exclusive licensee under the patent. It is a wellknown multinational chemical company with large interests in the
field of agricultural chemical products. It will be convenient when referring to the parties to describe first respondent
as "the patentee" and second respondent as "Ciba".
The patent was granted under the 1952 Patents Act 37 of 1952 on a convention application claiming priority on
the basis of two applications filed in the United States of America. The normal term of the patent expired on 17
November 1991. However, a fiveyear extension of term was granted to the patentee following an application for
prolongation made under section 39(1)(a) of the 1952 Act on the ground that the patentee had not derived
adequate remuneration from the patent during its normal term. The present section 56 application was filed on 30
August 1995 and set down in February 1996. Judgment was given on 23 April 1996. The extended term was due to
expire on 17 November 1996. It therefore had of the order of six months to run at the time of judgment. Streicher J,
sitting as Commissioner of Patents, refused the application with costs but granted leave to appeal to this Court in
October 1996.
The patent relates to a novel group of chemical compounds consisting of triazole derivatives characterised by the
nature of the side chain attached to the triazole nitrogen atom. The chemistry is complex, the formulae intimidating
and the structures of the various compounds intricate. Happily the resolution of the disputes in issue does not
demand a profound understanding of the science concerned. There are seven process claims in which specific
starting materials are used to produce compositions useful in agriculture as fungicides. There are twentysix product
claims. While a number of compositions can be (and are) produced following the teachings of the patent the concern
of the appellants is limited to a product, propiconazole a fungicide used extensively to treat diseases in cereals,
bananas and coffee.
Section 56 of the Act must be viewed in the light of its underlying purpose in the scheme of the Act. Beyond
noting the essential rationale, however, it is not necessary in this case (for reasons I give later) to embark on a
detailed analysis of either the Act or the section itself. It will suffice to note that it is part of the theory upon which
our patent law is based that the limited statutory monopoly afforded a patentee is seen as a means of encouraging
inventors to put their inventions into practice because by this means they obtain the financial rewards their
inventive gifts warrant. But what perhaps requires more emphasis in so far as section 56 is concerned is that by
encouraging inventors to put their inventions to use the benefit to the public (an essential quid pro quo of the
theory) is served. Section 56 finds a counterpart in the patent legislation in all
View Parallel Citation
major industrial countries. The precise focus of that legislation varies from country to country and, indeed, from time
to time. In the present Act section 56 was amended in 1988 and more recently in 1997. This case is concerned with
the Act as it stood in 1996. The most recent amendments must therefore be ignored.
The appellant advanced its case in the founding affidavits on the basis (only) of section 56(2)(a) and (d) of the
Act. It will be convenient to set out those
Page 448 of [1998] 4 All SA 445 (A)
sections together with subsection (1) (with which they must be read) and subsection (7) and (8):
"56.
Compulsory licence in case of abuse of patent rights.
(1)
Any interested person who can show that the rights in a patent are being abused may apply to the registrar in
the prescribed manner for a compulsory licence under the patent.
...
(2)
The rights in a patent shall be deemed to be abused if
(a)
the patented invention is not being worked in the Republic on a commercial scale or to an adequate
extent, after the expiry of a period of four years subsequent to the date of the application for the patent
or three years subsequent to the date on which that patent was sealed, whichever period last expires,
and there is in the opinion of the commissioner no satisfactory reason for such nonworking; [or]
...
(d)
by reason of the refusal of the patentee to grant a licence or licences upon reasonable terms, the trade
or industry or agriculture of the Republic or the trade of any person or class of persons trading in the
Republic, or the establishment of any new trade or industry in the Republic, is being prejudiced, and it is
in the public interest that a licence or licences should be granted;
...
(7)
In determining the conditions on which any licence is granted the commissioner shall have regard to any
relevant facts, including the risks to be undertaken by the licensee, the research and development undertaken
by the patentee and the terms and conditions usually stipulated in licence agreements in respect of the subject
matter of the invention, between persons who voluntarily enter into such agreements.