to be patentable, an invention must "involve an inventive step" in the sense that "it is not obvious to a
person skilled in the art, having regard to any matter which forms, immediately before the priority date of the
invention, part of the state of the art . . ." As explained by Plewman JA in EnsignBickford (South Africa) (Pty)
Ltd and others v AECI Explosives and Chemicals Ltd 1999 (1) SA 70 (SCA) at 80HJ [also reported at [1998] 4 All
SA 453 (SCA) Ed],
Page 314 of [2014] 4 All SA 302 (SCA)
a structured approach to the alleged obviousness of an invention involves the following enquiry:
"Four steps are identified. They include or restate in part what has been said above but may be taken to conveniently
list the inquiries to be made:
(1)
What is the inventive step said to be involved in the patent in suit?
(2)
What was, at the priority date, the state of the art (as statutorily defined) relevant to that step?
(3)
In what respect does the step go beyond, or differ from, that state of the art?
(4)
Having regard to such development or difference, would the taking of the step be obvious to the skilled man?"
[35] As we know by now, the inventive step of the patent in suit contended for by Bayer and supported by Prof
Davies, lies in the surprising, counterintuitive finding that DSP, despite being both acid labile and poorly
soluble, can be administered in a low dosage (of 2 to 4mg), having the rapid dissolution rate of claim 1 and
yet give sufficiently good bioavailability in vivo to be effective. We also know by now that the answer to this
contention, as presented by Dr Rue, was that the skilled formulator would have determined experimentally at
an early stage of the development of the drug that, despite DSP being acid labile, it does not in fact degrade
in vivo.
[36] According to Dr Rue his thesis was supported by the state of the art at the priority date which showed that in
vivo tests were conducted, even with highly acid labile drugs. In this regard he relied in particular on an article
by two Swedish scientists, A Pilbrant and C Cederberg "Development of an oral formulation of omeprazole"
(1985) 108 Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl which was published in 1985 (the "Pilbrant article"). The article relates
to the development of an oral formulation of the drug, omeprazole, which is both poorly soluble and highly
acid labile. The article reflects that the authors considered whether to use an immediate release formulation
of omeprazole or an enteric coated one. As part of their research they conducted in vivo tests, using the drug
in both protected and unprotected formulations. The result of these in vivo tests corresponded to what was
foreshadowed by the in vitro experiments: more than half of the omeprazole in the uncoated dosage
degraded in the stomach. Although the Pilbrant article supports Dr Rue in that it evinces the performance of in
vivo tests on a drug known to be acid labile, the results of the Pilbrant tests published in the article teaches
away from the use of an acid labile drug, like DSP, in uncoated form. If anything, the article would therefore, in
my view, persuade the skilled formulator in August 1999 to use an enteric coating in preparing any
formulation containing DSP.
[37] In addition to the Pilbrant article, Pharma sought to find support for Dr Rue's views in Bayer's own internal
documents. Apart from the fact that these are not public documents and do not therefore form part of the
"state of the art" as defined in section 25(6) of the Act, I believe they in fact do not support Dr Rue's thesis.
According to Dr Rue, these documents show that Bayer conducted an in vivo experiment with unprotected DSP
as a matter of routine, albeit at a late stage of the development. But that is not how I understand the Bayer
documents. On my understanding, Bayer first spent about four years in the development
Page 315 of [2014] 4 All SA 302 (SCA)
of DSP protected by an enteric coating before it did any in vivo tests. Secondly, the in vivo tests were then
conducted not so much with the view to establish the bioavailability of uncoated DSP but for the purpose of
establishing possible shortcomings in the enteric coating actually used, that the formulator team suspected of
being inefficient. In any event, it was not done, as Dr Rue would have it, as a matter of routine. In this light, I
think the "inventor's story" reflected in the Bayer documents, was supportive of Prof Davies' views rather than
those of Dr Rue.
[38] As to the third inquiry contemplated in EnsignBickford, it appears to be common cause that the development
of DSP as an oral contraceptive without an enteric coating went beyond and was a step different from the
state of the art at the priority date. Dr Rue's thesis is that it fails the obvious test on the fourth step of the
EnsignBickford inquiry, in that the taking of this step would be obvious to the skilled formulator after in vivo
testing, which would have been done as a matter of routine. However, in evaluating Dr Rue's views, I believe
they fall foul of at least two wellestablished principles in assessing obviousness. The first is that one must
guard against the dangers of hindsight or ex post facto explanation of the invention (see eg Gentiruco AG v
Firestone SA (Pty) Ltd 1972 (1) SA 589 (A) at 660G; Roman Roller CC and another v Speedmark Holdings (Pty) Ltd
1996 (1) SA 405 (A) at 418IJ). It is all too easy after the event and with the brilliance of hindsight, to say that
a skilled formulator would have arrived at the invention earlier by doing an in vivo test.
[39] The second principle relates to Dr Rue's view that it would have been "obvious to try" uncoated DSP, as a
matter of routine, in an in vivo test. The principle is, however, that before an invention will be found to be
obvious on the "obvious to try" basis, it must be established by expert evidence that those skilled in the art
would have carried out a test that led to the invention, not only because it was the obvious thing to do, but
also because they would consider that a reasonable possibility existed that the test might lead to a useful
result (see eg BM Group (Pty) Ltd v Beecham Group Ltd 1978 BP 373 (T) at 405AC). In this case it seems that,
in the light of the in vitro results, the in vivo experiment that eventually led to the unsuspected invention did
not seem to have the slightest hope of success before it was actually done.