32. For all purposes in law, it is deemed that a person has sent a data message, if –
(a) that person has sent the message personally;
(b) the message has been sent by a person who had authority to act on behalf of
the originator in respect of that data message; or
(c) the message has been sent by an information system programmed by or on
behalf of the originator to operate automatically unless the originator proves
that the information system did not properly execute such programming.
Automated message systems
33. (1) A contract formed by the interaction of an automated message system and
a person, or by the interaction of automated message systems, are not without legal effect,
validity or enforceability on the sole ground that no natural person reviewed any of the
individual actions carried out by the systems or the resulting contract.
(2) Where a natural person makes an input error in a data message exchanged with
the automated message system of another party and the automated message system does
not provide the person with an opportunity to correct the error, that person, or the party on
whose behalf that person was acting, has the right to withdraw the data message in which
the input error was made if –
(a) the person, or the party on whose behalf that person was acting, notifies the
other party of the error as soon as possible after having learned of the error
and indicates that he or she made an error in the data message and wishes to
cancel the contract or correct the input error;
(b) the person, or the party on whose behalf that person was acting, takes reasonable steps, including steps that conform to the instructions given by the other
party, to return the goods or services received, if any, as a result of the error
or, if instructed to do so, to destroy the goods or services, or to correct the
31